应用可渗透反应墙技术原位修复地下水污染

可渗透反应墙是20世纪末出现的一种地下水原位修复技术,是目前地下水修复研究领域中的热点.可渗透反应墙设置在受污染的地下水流动路径的横截面上,通过墙体或反应器内填充的反应材料与地下水的接触,降解和滞留水中的污染组分,达到修复地下水的目的.填充的反应材料,根据受污染地下水中主要污染组分的不同而有所不同,零价金属、螯合剂、吸附剂或者微生物等是目前的主要选择.污染区的水文地质条件是可渗透反应墙应用的前提;反应材料和系统结构的筛选、反应器尺寸和水力停留时间的确定是其设计的关键;数值模拟、柱体实验是完善设计的重要辅助手段.     

污染地下水原位处理方法:可渗透反应墙

可渗透反应墙法是 2 0世纪 90年代新兴的一种地下水污染原位处理方法 ,该方法目前在欧美已开始进入广泛的工程应用阶段。该方法与早期的一些处理方法相比 ,具有能持续原位处理、处理组分多、价格相对便宜等特点。本文系统介绍了该处理方法的基本原理、系统的结构构造和类型、处理机理和反应材料以及设计与施工等 ,为在我国开展该方法的研究和应用打下基础。     

电动力学技术强化原位生物修复研究进展

介绍了利用电动力学技术强化土壤及地下水原位生物修复的原理和最新进展。电动力学强化的基本原理是利用电渗析、电迁移和电泳等电动力学效应加速污染环境中有机污染物和微生物运动,注入营养物、电子受体或活性微生物,或者利用电极反应和电流热效应为地下生物降解创造有利条件。研究表明．电动力学技术能有效地强化原位生物修复,而且该技术不破环生态环境．安装和操作简单,成本低廉．有广泛的应用前景。     

污染地下水原位处理方法：可渗透反应墙

可渗透反应墙法是20世纪90年代新兴的一种地下水污染原位处理方法，该方法目前在欧美已开始进入广泛的工程应用阶段，该方法与早期的一些处理方法相比，具有能持续原位处理，处理组分多，价格相对便宜等特点，本文系统介绍了该处理方法的基本原理，系统的结构构造和类型，处理机理和反应材料以及设计与施工等，为在我国开展该方法的研究和应用打下基础。     

原位热处理技术修复重质非水相液体污染场地研究进展

重质非水相液体(DNAPLs)是土壤及地下水中广泛存在的有机污染物,原位热处理技术是目前修复受DNAPLs污染土壤及地下水的最具潜力的技术之一。综述了国内外常用原位热处理技术的基本原理及其影响因素,介绍了相关现场应用实例,并展望了该技术未来的应用前景和发展趋势,以期为中国污染土壤及地下水的原位修复提供有益借鉴。     

基于MCDA的沙漠地区污染场地地下水修复技术优化方法

针对近年来频频出现的污染企业向沙漠地区地下排污造成地下水污染这一问题,以腾格里沙漠地区某化工厂地下水污染为研究案例,提出适合沙漠地区地下水污染修复技术的优选方法。在综合考虑修复技术的经济、技术和社会效益基础上,利用层次分析法建立修复技术优化指标体系,运用多准则决策分析模型(multiple criteria decision analysis,MCDA)中的消去和选择转换法(ELECTREII)对修复技术组合进行优选排序,确定适合该地区的最优修复技术方案。结果表明,5种地下水修复备选技术中可渗透反应墙、抽出-处理、监测自然衰减技术较为理想,综合考虑该污染场地特征以及地下水治理要求,得出最佳修复方案为:对高污染浓度区域采用抽出-处理技术+可渗透反应墙技术联合修复;对于低污染区域采用监测自然衰减技术。该优化方法可为沙漠地区地下水污染修复技术的选取提供借鉴。     

利用电动技术强化有机污染土壤原位修复研究

电动修复技术是近几年发展起来的一种新型土壤修复技术，由于其处理的高效性受到了越来越多的关注。本文介绍了利用电动技术强化土壤有机污染物原位修复的原理及其最新进展。电动强化有机物污染修复的基本原理是利用电动效应对有机物的迁移作用或者强化生物修复过程（注入营养物、电子受体和活性微生物等）达到去除污染物的目的。研究表明，该技术不破坏生态环境，安装操作简单成本低廉，具有广泛的应用前景，其中电动强化原位生物修复和能够适应于各种不同成分污染（如有机物重金属复合污染）的多技术联合是今后电动技术发展的重要方向。     

纳米铁原位注入技术对六价铬污染地下水的修复

纳米零价铁原位注入是六价铬污染地下水的有效修复技术之一。为验证其场地修复效果,在北京某电镀厂搬迁后的遗留六价铬污染场地,现场制备纳米铁并通过原位注入对场地内六价铬污染地下水进行原位修复现场中试研究。选取6 m×6 m实验场地,在地下水中六价铬污染浓度最高为2 mg·L~(-1)的中心点设置注射井并在四周设置4口监测井。实验结果表明,原位注入纳米铁药剂具有良好修复效果,修复后该实验场地范围内地下水中六价铬浓度均低于地下水质量Ⅳ类标准0.1 mg·L~(-1),注射井中六价铬还原率达到99%。通过对注射井及监测井地下水中pH、溶解氧、氧化还原电位等检测指标进行跟踪监测和相关性分析,发现氧化还原电位与污染物浓度变化相关性最强,可以作为污染物变化的表征因子。该中试研究结果对于六价铬污染地下水的原位修复具有重要的参考价值。     

连续管式原位注入化学氧化技术对某有机污染场地地下水的修复效果

针对传统地下水原位注入化学氧化技术存在注入深度浅、效率低等问题,采用连续管和高压水射流技术实现地下水原位修复药剂钻注一体化和水射流钻进,以提高效率和深层修复.以某退役化工厂地下水中的氯苯为目标污染物,基于自主开发的连续管式原位注入化学氧化技术开展了中试规模的实验研究,基于现场实验确定原位注入药剂影响半径并评估了修复效果...     

环境技术验证在污染土壤修复领域的应用——以原位热脱附-水平井-化学氧化耦合修复技术为例

环境技术验证评价方法能够科学、客观地评价生态环境创新技术,促进新技术的推广应用。基于焦化污染地块修复技术验证评价方法,对原位热脱附-水平井-化学氧化耦合修复技术在山西某焦化污染地块上应用的可行性、绿色性、资源能源消耗等方面进行了验证评价。结果表明,该技术可以在一个修复周期内(3个月)将焦化污染地块中多环芳烃质量浓度降低到修复目标值,达到修复效果。修复系统运行过程中产生的废气、废水、噪声等污染物经处理后均满足相应排放要求。通过对修复过程中固废产生量、耗水量、耗电量、运行成本等指标的核算,可知该技术具有资源能源消耗较少、处理成本较低、针对不可开挖地块的修复具有较强适用性等特点。原位热脱附-水平井-化学氧化耦合修复技术可应用于焦化污染地块包气带污染土壤的修复治理工作。     

可渗透反应墙技术的水质净化特性

通过中试研究考察了可渗透反应墙(PRB)技术的动态水质净化特性。结果表明:(1)在动态条件下,PRB中试系统中COD、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN、TP去除率随水力停留时间(HRT)的延长而增加。当HRT为7.00h时,COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP去除率分别为59.4%、26.9%、76.6%、62.2%、82.0%。HRT的延长使难生物降解的有机物也得到部分降解,PRB中试系统中铁屑及新生态的[H]、铁离子的氧化还原作用可以大幅度提高水的可生化性。(2)PRB技术对COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP的去除主要发生在反应区前半段,而且PRB中试系统中COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP沿程的变化情况可用指数方程来描述,动态模型预测曲线拟合较好。同时,对于实际PRB技术工程,PRB技术选择适当的反应介质及介质配比是关键环节。     

Performance of a field-scale permeable reactive barrier based on organic substrate and zero-valent iron for in situ remediation of acid mine drainage

A permeable reactive barrier (PRB) was installed in Aznalcóllar (Spain) in order to rehabilitate the Agrio aquifer groundwater severely contaminated with acid mine drainage after a serious mining accident. The filling material of the PRB consisted of a mixture of calcite, vegetal compost and, locally, Fe⁰ and sewage sludge. Among the successes of the PRB are the continuous neutralisation of pH and the removal of metals from groundwater within the PRB (removals of >95 %). Among the shortcomings are the improper PRB design due to the complexity of the internal structure of the Agrio alluvial deposits (which resulted in an inefficient capture of the contaminated plume), the poor degradability of the compost used and the short residence time within the PRB (which hindered a complete sulphate reduction), the clogging of a section of the PRB and the heterogeneities of the filling material (which resulted in preferential flows within the PRB). Undoubtedly, it is only through accumulated experience at field-scale systems that the potentials and limits of the PRB technology can be determined.     

污染土壤及地下水修复的PRB技术及展望

PRB技术是一类就地修复污染土壤及地下水的新型技术 ,主要由注入井、浸提井和监测井3部分所组成。污染地区的水文地质学研究 ,是实施该技术的关键 ;化学活性物质的筛选、注入的部位、浓度、速率以及是否均匀分布 ,是该技术是否有效的关键要素。胶态零价铁PRB技术 ,被证明是一项修复由卤代烃、卤代芳烃和有机氯农药以及一些有毒金属 (如铬、硒、铀、砷和锝等 )引起的土壤及地下水污染的有效技术。尽管这些技术存在一定的弊病 ,但与传统的处理方法相比 ,其技术上的优势是十分明显的。可以预料 ,这一技术在我国有良好的应用前景     

Monitoring trichloroethene remediation at an iron permeable reactive barrier using stable carbon isotopic analysis

Stable carbon isotopic analysis, in combination with compositional analysis, was used to evaluate the performance of an iron permeable reactive barrier (PRB) for the remediation of ground water contaminated with trichloroethene (TCE) at Spill Site 7 (SS7), F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming. Compositional data indicated that although the PRB appeared to be reducing TCE to concentrations below treatment goals within and immediately downgradient of the PRB, concentrations remained higher than expected at wells further downgradient (i.e. >9 m) of the PRB. At two wells downgradient of the PRB, TCE concentrations were comparable to upgradient values, and delta13C values of TCE at these wells were not significantly different than upgradient values. Since the process of sorption/desorption does not significantly fractionate carbon isotope values, this suggests that the TCE observed at these wells is desorbing from local aquifer materials and was present before the PRB was installed. In contrast, three other downgradient wells show significantly more enriched delta13C values compared to the upgradient mean. In addition, delta13C values for the degradation products of TCE, cis-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride, show fractionation patterns expected for the products of the reductive dechlorination of TCE. Since concentrations of both TCE and degradation products drop to below detection limit in wells within the PRB and directly below it, these downgradient chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations are attributed to desorption from local aquifer material. The carbon isotope values indicate that this dissolved contaminant is subject to local degradation, likely due to in situ microbial activity.     

A combination of electrokinetics and Pd/Fe PRB for the remediation of pentachlorophenol-contaminated soil

Electrokinetic (EK) remediation of pentachlorophenol (PCP)-contaminated soil is difficult because PCP dissociates at different pH values along soil column and shows different transport behaviors near anode and cathode. In the present study, a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) filled with reactive Pd/Fe particles was installed between anode and cathode to reach the dechlorination of PCP during its EK movement. When PRB was installed at the position of 0.3 (normalized distance from anode), PCP in the section from anode to PRB could transport through PRB, while PCP in the section from cathode to PRB was accumulated near PRB. PCP was hardly dechlorinated by PRB wherein high pH was reached. When PRB was installed at the position of 0.5 and the pH in the PRB was decreased by periodical injection of HAc, 49% of PCP was removed, and 22.9% was recovered as phenol which was mostly collected in catholyte. The mechanism of PCP removal was proposed as the EK movement of PCP into the PRB compartment, the complete dechlorination of PCP to phenol by Pd/Fe in the PRB compartment, and the subsequent removal of phenol by electroosmosis. This study proved that the combination of electrokinetics and Pd/Fe PRB was effective for the remediation of PCP-contaminated soil.     

The mechanisms of arsenic removal from soil by electrokinetic process coupled with iron permeable reaction barrier

An innovative remediation system of electrokinetic process coupled with permeable reaction barrier (PRB) was proposed for arsenic removal in soil matrix. Batch tests with PRB media of Fe(0) and FeOOH under potential gradient of 2 V cm(-1) for 5d duration were conducted to evaluate the removal mechanisms of arsenic. Arsenic enhancement of 1.6-2.2 times was achieved when a PRB system was installed in an electrokinetic system. A best performance was found in system with FeOOH layer located in the middle of elctrokinetic cell. This was largely because of higher surface area of FeOOH and the moving of HAsO(4)(2-) to the anode side by electromigration effect was inhibited by the electroosmosis flow. The surface characteristics of PRB media, which were qualified by SEM coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), were clearly confirmed that arsenic was found on the passive layer surface. Results indicated that the removal of As in EK/PRB systems was much more contributed by surface adsorption/precipitation on PRB media than by EK process. Furthermore among the electrical removal mechanisms, electromigration was predominant than electrosmotic flow. Surface adsorption and precipitation were respectively the principal removal mechanism under acid environment, e.g. near anode side, and under basic environment, e.g. near cathode side. The results reported in the present work will be beneficial to optimizing design of batch EK/PRB system and enlarging to the field scale system.     

修复铬污染地下水的可渗透反应墙介质筛选

通过实验研究筛选出一种经济、高效的用于修复铬污染地下水的可渗透反应墙(PRB)介质。实验以铬污染地下水为研究对象,分别对Fe0、Fe0+石英砂和包覆型零价铁填料进行了筛选实验,选取处理效果好且经济可行的包覆型零价铁材料作为PRB反应介质。结果表明,以包覆型零价铁材料作为PRB反应介质,大大提高了铁粉的利用效率,且缓解了系统堵塞严重的问题。以包覆型零价铁材料作为PRB反应介质修复Cr(VI)污染地下水是可行的。     

污泥自热式高温好氧消化技术研究进展

污泥自热式高温好氧消化(ATAD)具有反应速率快,停留时间短,病原微生物灭活效果好等优点,特别适合于小规模污水处理厂污泥的处理,在北美和欧洲已有较多的应用实例.系统总结了ATAD系统各方面的研究进展,包括AT-AD系统中微生物的种类与特性,ATAD污泥处理过程中微生物细胞、有机碳以及氮磷的转化规律,ATAD反应器运行控制参数,以及改善ATAD处理后污泥脱水性能的方法,并介绍了基于ATAD技术的新型污水及污泥处理工艺研究开发现状.     

Assessing the Cr(VI) reduction efficiency of a permeable reactive barrier using Cr isotope measurements and 2D reactive transport modeling

In Thun, Switzerland, a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) for Cr(VI) reduction by gray cast iron was installed in May 2008. The PRB is composed of a double array of vertical piles containing iron shavings and gravel. The aquifer in Thun is almost saturated with dissolved oxygen and the groundwater flow velocities are ca. 10-15m/day. Two years after PRB installation Cr(VI) concentrations still permanently exceed the Swiss threshold value for contaminated sites downstream of the barrier at selected localities. Groundwater δ(53/52)Cr(SRM979) measurements were used to track Cr(VI) reduction induced by the PRB. δ(53/52)Cr(SRM979) values of two samples downstream of the PRB showed a clear fractionation towards more positive values compared to four samples from the hotspot, which is clear evidence of Cr(VI) reduction induced by the PRB. Another downstream sample did not show a shift to more positive δ(53/52)Cr(SRM979) values. Because this latter location correlates with the highest downstream Cr(VI) concentration it is proposed that a part of the Cr(VI) plume is bypassing the barrier. Using a Rayleigh fractionation model a minimum present-day overall Cr(VI) reduction efficiency of ca. 15% was estimated. A series of 2D model simulations, including the fractionation of Cr isotopes, confirm that only a PRB bypass of parts of the Cr(VI) plume can lead to the observed values. Additionally, the simulations revealed that the proposed bypass occurs due to an insufficient permeability of the individual PRB piles. It is concluded that with this type of PRB a complete and long-lasting Cr(VI) reduction is extremely difficult to achieve for Cr(VI) contaminations located in nearly oxygen and calcium carbonate saturated aquifer in a regime of high groundwater velocities. Additional remediation action would limit the environmental impact and allow to reach target concentrations.