全国大气润湿时间分布分析软件开发

软件以小方块在地图上标注全国195个地区的实际位置,按ISO 9223标准对各地区的年润湿时间进行分级,并以不同的颜色对应不同的等级。使用软件可查询1991年至2000年全国195个地区大气润湿时间的分布状况;不同临界相对湿度的润湿时间;各年润湿时间的变化规律情况,包括10年润湿时间的平均值和标准差;年润湿时间在各温度段所占的比例。     

通过日记温度湿度数据统计年润湿时间——4次、24次数据法对比研究

与常规方法不同，根据全国58个基准气象台站10年的日记温度湿度数据采用每天2点、8点、14点、20点的4次数据统计了各台站3种临界相对湿度(80％、70％、60％)时的年润湿时间，并对比分析了24次(每天整点)数据的统计结果。研究表明：从这两种数据所统计的相应有效年润湿时间非常接近，而且随着临界相对湿度值的降低，这种趋势更为明显，证实了采用4次数据统计年润湿时间是可行的。这样可以充分利用全国550多个基本气象台站所上报的4次温度湿度数据来研究全国润湿时间分布规律，为评估我国各地的大气腐蚀等级奠定了基础。     

通过日记温度湿度数据统计年润湿时间--4次、24次数据法对比研究

与常规方法不同,根据全国58个基准气象台站10年的日记温度湿度数据采用每天2点、8点、14点、20点的4次数据统计了各台站3种临界相对湿度(80%、70%、60%)时的年润湿时间,并对比分析了24次(每天整点)数据的统计结果.研究表明从这两种数据所统计的相应有效年润湿时间非常接近,而且随着临界相对湿度值的降低,这种趋势更为明显,证实了采用4次数据统计年润湿时间是可行的.这样可以充分利用全国550多个基本气象台站所上报的4次温度湿度数据来研究全国润湿时间分布规律,为评估我国各地的大气腐蚀等级奠定了基础.     

近25年来我国海岸线开发强度变化研究

海岸线资源作为社会经济发展与城市扩张的重要空间基础,成为沿海城市社会经济发展的最重要因素。本文基于1990年、2000年、2010年和2015年4个时期的遥感影像提取岸线数据,计算25年来我国大陆海岸线开发强度变化量及年均变化速度,研究其时空演变规律,得出以下结论:（1）我国海岸线开发强度变化速度保持增长趋势,空间分布上以长江入海口为分界线,北方沿海城市普遍高于南方,时空演变形态呈现"三期"和"两型"两种特征;（2）重度开发岸线多分布于山东、辽宁和浙江三省,而天津、江苏和上海范围内其所占本省已开发利用岸线总长度的比例较大,均大于70%;（3）近25年来,我国大陆海岸线开发强度指数,以上海市为分界线,北方沿海城市指数全部高于0.6,均高于南方。     

东南沿海润湿时间变化规律研究

采用4次数据法统计了东南沿海92个气象台站近15年的润湿时间tTOW,分析了温湿度组合、海拔高度、经纬度、是否临近海边等因素对tTOW的影响.研究表明:东南沿海0℃、80%温湿组合的tTOW在3500～5500h之间,少数地方高于5500h;在此温湿度组合下的tTOW,低海拔与高海拔、低纬度与高纬度、海边与内陆较接近;0℃、95%温湿组合的tTOW,高海拔、高纬度、内陆分别比低海拔、低纬度、沿海高,而25℃、80%或95%温湿组合的tTOW正好与此相反.这充分说明ISO 9223标准以0℃、80%温湿组合统计润湿时间的方法值得商榷.     

温度对SCSC-S/Fe复合系统脱氮除磷及微生物群落特性的影响

为了探究温度对纤维素类降解菌和反硝化细菌的影响,分析了固相纤维素碳源玉米芯+硫铁填料脱氮除磷复合系统(solid carbon source of cellulose and sulfur/sponge iron process,SCSC-S/Fe复合系统)在不同温度下脱氮除磷效果,通过扫描电镜(SEM)和MiSeq高通量测序技术对反应前后玉米芯表面结构及微生物特性进行分析.结果表明,温度从15、20、25℃升高到30℃过程中,该系统TN平均去除率从78.88%增加到92.70%、TP平均去除率从82.58%增加到89.15%;反应后玉米芯表面以球状和杆状微生物为主;纤维素类降解菌所占比例在30℃比20℃时高出11.01%,而反硝化细菌所占比例降低了21.26%.可见,纤维素降解菌比反硝化细菌对温度更敏感,受温度影响更大.     

制药废水中磷霉素和α-苯乙胺的生物降解及相互作用

以比耗氧速率SOUR、呼吸抑制率和发光细菌光损失为衡量指标, 研究了在磷霉素、α-苯乙胺及其混合物作用下,活性污泥和发光细菌的可生化性和急性毒性的变化.结果表明, α-苯乙胺的急性毒性和对活性污泥的呼吸抑制率均大于磷霉素. α-苯乙胺与磷霉素混合液的可生化性和急性毒性两者在混合物中的比例有关,当α-苯乙胺所占比例低于25%时,混合液的可生化性基本不受两者比例的影响;但当α-苯乙胺所占比例高于25%时,混合液的可生化性随着α-苯乙胺所占比例的增加而降低.当混合液中α-苯乙胺所占比例为25%时,其急性毒性最低.     

中国大陆1990—2013年海岸线资源开发利用特征变化

利用遥感和GIS技术对中国1990—2013年23 a间大陆海岸线的变化情况进行了分析,从海岸线空间资源可持续利用角度,构建了海岸线开发利用负荷度和易损度指标,对我国大陆海岸线资源开发利用特征进行了评估,结果显示:1)中国大陆海岸线的变化主要体现在海岸线长度和形态的变化两个方面,长度上,中国大陆海岸线呈现出持续增加的趋势,23 a间增加了1 045.54 km;形态方面,大量的自然岸线转变为平直的人工岸线,人工岸线增加了4 398.14 km,年均增加约200 km。2)大陆海岸线的开发利用负荷不断增加,我国距离大陆海岸线1 km范围内海域被开发利用的面积比例已超过80%;大陆海岸线重度开发岸线长度为3 118.05 km,占总长度的16.43%,其中,河北、天津、山东、江苏、上海和浙江的重度开发岸线长度所占比例均超过了50%;海南、福建和广西区的未开发岸线比例超过60%。3)低易损度海岸线分布存在南北差异,北方沿海地区,除山东外,其他省区的高易损度海岸线所占比例均超过了15%,南方地区海岸线资源的易损度整体较好。海南省、广西区的可开发利用潜力较大,人工岸线与易损度存在正相关。论文可为海岸线空间资源管理和可持续利用提供支持。     

中国大陆1990—2013年海岸线资源开发利用特征变化

利用遥感和GIS技术对中国1990—2013年23 a间大陆海岸线的变化情况进行了分析,从海岸线空间资源可持续利用角度,构建了海岸线开发利用负荷度和易损度指标,对我国大陆海岸线资源开发利用特征进行了评估,结果显示：1）中国大陆海岸线的变化主要体现在海岸线长度和形态的变化两个方面,长度上,中国大陆海岸线呈现出持续增加的趋势,23 a间增加了1 045.54 km;形态方面,大量的自然岸线转变为平直的人工岸线,人工岸线增加了4 398.14 km,年均增加约200 km。2）大陆海岸线的开发利用负荷不断增加,我国距离大陆海岸线1 km范围内海域被开发利用的面积比例已超过80%;大陆海岸线重度开发岸线长度为3 118.05 km,占总长度的16.43%,其中,河北、天津、山东、江苏、上海和浙江的重度开发岸线长度所占比例均超过了50%;海南、福建和广西区的未开发岸线比例超过60%。3）低易损度海岸线分布存在南北差异,北方沿海地区,除山东外,其他省区的高易损度海岸线所占比例均超过了15%,南方地区海岸线资源的易损度整体较好。海南省、广西区的可开发利用潜力较大,人工岸线与易损度存在正相关。论文可为海岸线空间资源管理和可持续利用提供支持。     

温度对湖泊沉积物中沉水植物残体厌氧分解的影响

淡水湖泊水生植物残体的腐烂分解过程为沉积物中的异养微生物提供了重要的碳源,但是目前关于温度对沉水植物残体有机质分解的影响研究还不够深入.本研究通过室内微宇宙模拟实验,研究了4℃和25℃时马来眼子菜残体在沉积物中厌氧分解特征及其主要的微生物代谢途径.结果表明,温度对马来眼子菜残体的分解影响显著,25℃实验组沉积物中总有机碳（TOC）和纤维素去除率显著高于4℃实验组.25℃实验组沉积物初始腐殖质占TOC比例为18.23%±1.47%,90 d后达到约46%,这说明微生物对马来眼子菜残体的分解促进了沉积物腐质化.此外,温度升高促进了纤维素降解细菌（如拟杆菌门,Bacteroidetes）的生长繁殖,且硫酸盐还原细菌（如GOUTA19、脱硫球菌属（Desulfocuccus）、LCP-6、HB118）和铁还原细菌（如地杆菌属,Geobacter）是沉积物中主要的优势菌种.在25℃条件下,微生物硫酸盐还原、铁还原和产甲烷作用占马来眼子菜残体厌氧代谢的比例分别达到37.3%、27.8%和10.3%.综上所述,本研究表明温度升高促进了沉积物中马来眼子菜残体的厌氧分解,且微生物硫酸盐还原、铁还原和产甲烷过程在其厌氧分解过程中发挥了重要作用.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.