废钻井液对环境污染及固化处理室内研究

目前我国许多油田钻井井场位于稻田、麦田、虾池和鱼塘周围，而废钻井液中含有无机盐、重金属组分、油品及大量有机聚合物，其中有些是有害物质，一口井的废钻井液一般可达200～300m~3。这些废钻井液堆放在井场不进行处理会对周围环境造成较大污染。为此，如何处理这些废钻井液是目前令人极为关心的课题。本文分析了我国一些油田废钻井液的毒性；介绍了毒性提取、评价方法及其对土壤、植物和海洋生物的影响，同时重点介绍用化学固化方法处理废钻井液的结果。通过对现场的5个废钻井液的固化处理室内试验证实，废钻井液固化后有一定强度，其水浸出液清彻透明，达到排放标准，固化体可进行掩埋恢复地貌，也可作为建筑材料使用。     

废弃聚合物钻井液化学脱水处理技术的实验研究

在分析废弃聚合物钻井液组成的基础上，对采用化学固液分离无害化处理方法进行了实验研究。以部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（ＨＰＡＭ）、聚电解质Ａ为絮凝剂和混合酸为凝聚剂的复合絮凝剂配方，可以彻底破坏ＨＰＡＭ类型废弃钻井液的胶体体系，使废浆液絮凝脱水。通过３口井废钻井液样品的絮凝试验，加药剂后废浆液自然脱水率为２５％～３５％，１３．３ｋＰａ压差下抽滤出水率为５１％～６０％，絮凝残渣无再造浆能力。     

废钻井液复合固化处理技术及应用研究

为了达到“以废治废、变废为宝”的目的,胜利油田对废钻井液固化处理技术进行了研究。详细分析了钻井液的有害成分及固化处理的作用机理,在确定了固化物设计指标的前提下,进行了大量实验室分析、检测及试样配比研究,得到了适合不同钻井液体系的固化处理配方,并对复合固结材料进行了击实、抗干湿、抗冻融等耐久性试验。结果表明,28d后,复合固结材料的抗压强度一般为0.5～1.5 MPa,可用于铺设简易道路或修建井场用。另外,在废钻井液中添加固结材料、稳定剂及骨料,并利用废钻井液的潜在活性,使其成为具有硅酸盐凝胶结构或水泥石结构的建筑材料,可以进行砌体施工。该项技术具有显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

废钻井液污染分析及处理方法的探讨

为解决废钻井液对周围环境的污染,介绍了废钻井液的成分及对环境的影响,分析了国内外废钻井液处理方法的优缺点,详细阐述了中原油田结合本单位情况,用无害化处理技术处理废钻井液的方法和效果。试验表明：无害化处理剂中的各组分与废钻井液中各污染因子发生化学和物理作用,经３～５个月固化后可以达到无害化处理的目的。分析认为：中原油田钻井废弃物无害化处理技术是切实可行的。     

化学热洗法处理页岩气开采废钻井液

针对页岩气开采过程中所产生的废钻井液处理,采用化学热洗的方法对废钻井液进行了油、水、固三相分离,并使用5%的清洗剂对废钻井液中的泥砂和岩屑进行除油。结果表明:温度为40℃、搅拌转速为160 r/min、破稳剂浓度为50 g/L、清洗剂的浓度为5%时,废钻井液中油的回收率达到了98%,泥砂与岩屑的含油量均小于2%。     

废混油钻井液资源化利用技术研究

废钻井液是钻井作业中主要污染源之一,其中含有重金属、碱、盐、油、有机物等多种污染物质,特别是废混油钻井液,油含量更高,是较难解决的问题之一,也是制约油田企业环境质量提高和可持续发展的一大难题。以废钻井液处理为代表的资源化利用技术可有效治理井场废物,将处理后的废钻井液直接用来做井场围堰和平整地面的材料,既可有效地利用废物,消除污染源,又可缓解因污染引起的工农矛盾,减少由钻井开发引发的污染赔款,实现社会效益、经济效益和环境效益的统一。     

生活垃圾焚烧废气脱酸技术

正由光大环保能源(苏州)有限公司开发的生活垃圾焚烧废气脱酸技术,适用于生活垃圾焚烧发电厂烟气净化。主要技术内容一、基本原理以Ca(OH)2为吸收剂,用高压风将其喷入烟道内,Ca(OH)2与烟气中HCl、SO2等酸性气体发生中和反应,未反应的Ca(OH)2随烟气进入除尘器内将继续与HCl、SO2等酸性气体反应,然后被捕集下来,达到脱除     

碱熔－蒸馏－离子选择电极法测定废钻井液中全氟

废钻井液是油气勘探开发的废弃物，目前多采用就地掩埋方式处置。准确测定废钻井液中氟化物的含量，对于评价其对环境可能造成的影响是十分必要的。选用离子选择电极法测定废钻井液中的氟时，对预处理方法进行了试验研究：试验了蒸馏－离子选择电极法、碱熔－离子选择电极法、碱熔－蒸馏－离子选择电极法。结论是：碱熔－蒸馏预处理法综合了碱熔法和蒸馏法各自的优点，能将氟从钻井液中最大程度地蒸馏出来，消除了基体对氟测定的干扰。因此，此法以回收率表示的废钻井液全氟准确度为最高并达到了文献要求，方法可靠。     

深圳市天浩洋环保科技有限公司

正产品技术原理本设备利用高能紫外线可裂解废气物质分子链的技术原理,改变废气物质分子结构,将高分子化合物转化生成为低分子无害物质(即光裂解产生的光化学反应),以达到彻底净化废气的目的。采用国际上先进的技术理念,通过专家及我公司工程技术人员长期反复实验,开发研制出的具有完全自主知识产权的高科技废气净化产品。可彻底分解恶臭气体中的有毒有害物质,并能达到完美的脱臭净化效果。经分解后的恶臭气体,可达到无害化排放,不产生二次污染,同时达到高效杀毒杀菌的作用。     

废水处理新技术─—LPC法

ＬＰＣ法（物理化学凝聚法）处理废水新技术，可使工业废水在５－１０分钟内变清，各项排放指标均达到国家规定标准。由四川亚太水处理技术工程设计所设计的ＬＰＣ法处理废水新技术取得成功。该技术是采用物理化学凝聚法（ＬＰｃ法），能在５－１０分钟内，将混浊不清的工业废水变得透亮。经运用证明：采用该技术可使废水中的有害物质和色度的脱除率达到８０％－９０％，符合国家规定的排放标准，而且８０％的水可循环使用。     

作业机废气减排技术研究

柴油发动机尾气排放中含有比汽油发动机更多的颗粒污染物。文章叙述了尾气净化装置反应原理,触媒及化学稳定性,柴油氧化催化剂和颗粒催化过滤器优点。通过外部加装尾气净化装置,解决了尾气污染问题,具有较好的发展前景、较强的实用性和可操作性。     

高铁酸钾氧化去除弱碱性地下水中低浓度石油类污染物实验研究

研究一般地下水弱碱性水溶液中,高铁酸钾对低浓度石油烃类污染物的氧化去除率.采用0#柴油模拟石油类污染物试验水样,氧化反应在200mL烧杯中模拟完全混合状态完成.实验分析浓度分别为5.02mg/L、2.05mg/L、1.01mg/L和0.52mg/L4个水样石油类污染物氧化去除率.实验研究显示,石油类污染浓度与高铁酸钾浓...     

Usability of food industry waste oils as fuel for diesel engines

Two cogeneration units were each fitted with a prechamber (IDI) diesel engine in order to test the feasibility of using waste oils from the food industry as a fuel source, and additionally to test emissions generated by the combustion of these fuels. Esterified waste oils and animal fats as well as mustard oil were tested and compared to the more or less "common" fuels: diesel, rapeseed oil and rapeseed methyl ester. The results show that, in principle, each of these fuels is suitable for use in a prechamber diesel engine. Engine performance can be maintained at a constant level. Without catalytic conversion, the nitrogen oxides emissions were comparable. A significant reduction in NO(x) was achieved through the injection of urea. Combining a urea injection with the SCR catalytic converter reduced NO(x) emissions between 53% and 67%. The carbon monoxide emissions from waste oils are not significantly different from those of "common" fuels and can be reduced the same way as of hydrocarbon emissions, through utilization of a catalytic converter. The rate of carbon monoxide reduction by catalytic conversion was 84-86%. A lower hydrocarbon concentration was associated with fuels of agricultural origin. With the catalytic converter a reduction of 29-42% achieved. Each prechamber diesel engine exhibited its own characteristic exhaust, which was independent of fuel type. The selective catalytic reduction of the exhaust emissions can be realized without restriction using fuels of agricultural origin.     

化学强化SBR工艺生物脱氮除磷试验研究

本文以脱氮为优势条件进行了SBR工艺生物脱氮试验,确定了脱氮模式的运行工艺参数,即瞬时进水-曝气3h-缺氧2h-沉淀闲置1h-出水。SBR在此模式下运行,COD、NH3-N、TN的去除率分别为90％、95％、60％以上。系统对TP的去除也比较稳定,进水TP为6．57—10．4mg／L时,出水为1．68—4．23mg／L。对SBR脱氮后出水投加AlCl3进行化学除磷,试验发现,投加量为20mg／L时出水,TP均能达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918—2002）一级标准的B标准。     

高锰酸钾强化混凝处理化工废水生化尾水

高锰酸钾氧化技术是提高混凝工艺去除有机污染物的有效途径之一。与其他方法相比,采用高锰酸钾氧化法作为混凝工艺的前处理工艺具有反应速度快、处理效率高、适用范围广等优点。实验采用高锰酸钾强化混凝处理生化尾水,考察了高锰酸钾投加量、反应时间、反应pH以及不同混凝剂组合的因素的影响。结果表明,COD,TOC,UV254等污染物的去除率随着高锰酸钾投加量的增加而增加;在高锰酸钾投加量小于12 mg/L时,反应时间不应大于40 min;高锰酸钾对有机物的去除存在最优的pH,pH在6~7范围内,有机物去除率较高;高锰酸钾与不同混凝剂组合工艺相比于单独投加高锰酸钾或直接混凝剂混凝,COD去除率明显提高。高锰酸钾与聚合氯化铝组合混凝工艺对有机污染物的去除效果较其他组合工艺好。     

生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液臭气生物处理技术研究

对新鲜渗滤液和经浓缩后渗滤液的臭气进行生物技术处理实验研究。实验结果表明,所采用的菌剂对两种渗滤液的臭气均有十分明显的去除效果。经生物技术处理后的两种渗滤液的各种污染物指标均有明显降低,其中大肠菌群去除率均达到了100%,氨氮的去除率分别为69.1%和58.2%,COD的去除率分别为84.8%和57.4%,总磷的去除率分别为97.7%和66.5%。该方法实现了从源头上防止渗滤液臭气产生的目标。     

Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics of Plastic Oil Produced from Waste Polyethylene and Its Blends with Diesel Fuel

The overall objective of this study was to explore the utility of waste plastics as a potential source of diesel fuel. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the use of various blends of plastic oil produced from waste polyethylene (WPE) with diesel fuel (D). WPE was degraded thermally and catalytically using sodium aluminum silicate as a catalyst. The oil collected at optimum conditions (414°C–480°C range and 1 h reaction time) was fractionated at different temperatures and fuel properties of the fractions were measured. Plastic oil was blended with diesel fuel at the volumetric ratios of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 100%. Fuel properties of blends are found comparable with those of diesel fuel within the EN 590 Diesel Fuel standard and they can also be used as fuel in compression ignition engines without any modification. Engine performance and exhaust emission studies of 5% WPE-D (WPE5) blend were performed. Experimental results showed that carbon monoxide (CO) emission is decreased by 20.63%, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission is increased by 3.34%, and oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) emission is increased by 9.17% with WPE-D (WPE5) blend compared to diesel fuel.     

Removal of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from reject water in a nitrogen-removing sequencing batch reactor

Reject water from sewage sludge processing may contain high concentrations of nutrients and organic pollutants and cause internal pollution load at a sewage treatment plant (STP) if circulated to the headworks of an STP. In the present study removal of nitrogen and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from reject water was studied in two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) with different aerobic/anoxic periods during a 6-h total cycle period. Ammonia-nitrogen (NH(4)-N) was almost totally removed in both reactors, apparently by nitrification throughout the run, while denitrification declined with decreasing SCOD in the influent resulting in an increase in the effluent nitrate-nitrogen (NO(3)-N) concentration. DEHP removals from the water phases were above 95% in both reactors, while the average total removals were 36 and 42%, calculated on a mass basis. Much higher removals occurred in the experiment where one of the systems was spiked with a given amount of DEHP. The spiking experiment suggested that SBRs had the potential to remove DEHP biologically from reject water but that the removal was restricted by the poor bioavailability of DEHP as a result of sorption to solids. This study showed that SBR has the potential to cut the internal load of nitrogen and hydrophobic organic pollutants in cases where reject water is circulated to the headworks of an STP.     

An experimental-computational study of DPF soot capture and heat regeneration

ABSTRACT

A diesel particulate filter (DPF) can effectively reduce the exhaust emissions of particulate matter (PM) and meet emission regulations. We report herein an experimental-numerical study to investigate the soot capture and regeneration behavior in a commonly used DPF. Simulations are performed using the AVL FIRE software that considers a fairly detailed DPF model. The model is validated using measured pressure drop history during soot capture, and temperature history during regeneration from a parallel experimental study using a diesel engine equipped with a DPF. Then, a detailed numerical study is performed to examine the soot capture and heat regeneration processes, and characterize the effects of various parameters on these processes and on DPF performance. Results indicate that the pressure drop during soot loading can be reduced by increasing the CPSI (channels per square inch), minimizing the amount of residual soot in each regeneration cycle, and using moderate gas flow rates. The DPF regeneration performance is characterized in terms of the rates of temperature rise and soot oxidation. Results indicate that these rates are enhanced, as the oxygen content in the exhaust stream is increased to about 12%, the rate of thermal heating is moderately increased, and as the exhaust gas flow rate is increased. Thus, the regeneration efficiency can be significantly improving by optimizing these parameters.     

橡胶制品工业工艺废气排放因子探讨——以轮胎企业为例

介绍AP-42、GB27632—2011中橡胶制品工艺废气污染物情况,并与轮胎企业工艺废气污染物实测数据进行比较分析,探讨了工艺废气的排放因子。结果表明轮胎企业工艺废气主要来自于炼胶、硫化工序,排放主要污染物为颗粒物、二甲苯、非甲烷总烃和二硫化碳,排放因子可参照AP-42确定。