考虑导向标志影响的行人疏散模型研究

量化行人对导向标志的认知作用,不仅有助于分析疏散过程中导向标志对行人疏散的影响,也对人员密集场所安全设施的规划建设具有重要意义。在深入分析行人对导向标志认知过程的基础上,确定了行人对导向标志认知过程的影响因素,并将这些因素引入人员密集场所行人疏散过程建模中,利用元胞自动机提出基于导向标志可见域的行人疏散模型。通过Matlab编程对模型进行实现,并以商场超市作为模拟场景算例进行仿真。结果表明:导向标志的设置有助于减少行人总体疏散时间、个体疏散时间和行人平均疏散距离,提升整体疏散性能。导向标志的设置数量和设置位置对于疏散性能具有一定的影响。     

认知过程中交通标志视认有效性影响因素分析

应用认知心理学的理论及方法,对驾驶员感知交通标志的心理过程进行分析,提出一种将驾驶员的直觉、分析和推理三者相结合的驾驶员信息处理模型。从标志和驾驶员特征出发对影响标志视认性的因素给出基于心理感知的理论分析。该分析结果为驾驶员认知过程研究、标志视认有效性的评价指标选取和相关系统开发设计提供了依据。     

基于眼动试验的煤矿禁止类安全标识位置有效性研究

安全标识作为一种安全管理手段已得到普遍应用,但在煤炭企业实际应用中并未完全发挥其应有作用。为了研究煤矿禁止类安全标识放置的有效性,首先,通过构建眼动试验平台进行试验,选取煤矿井下皮带运输、井口等图片作为模拟场景;其次,将场景中安全标识区域作为兴趣区域,采集不同被试的注视点个数、首次进入时间等数据;最后,运用SPSS 20.0软件和统计方法分析试验采集的数据。结果表明,安全标识有效的设置位置为编号(2)(上中)和编号(5)(正中)。     

The effects of driver factors and sign design features on the comprehensibility of traffic signs

PROBLEM: This paper addresses the effects of driver factors and sign design features on the comprehensibility of traffic signs. METHODS: A survey was designed to capture subjects' personal particulars, ratings on sign features, and comprehension scores, and then administered to 109 Hong Kong full driving license holders. RESULTS: Years with driving license and education level were significant predictors of sign comprehensibility. Contrary to expectation, the driver factors of age group, years of active driving, hours of driving, last time driving, driving frequency, and non-local driving experience had no effect on comprehension performance. Sign familiarity was correlated with comprehension score for licensed drivers, whereas sign concreteness, simplicity, and meaningfulness were not. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The results of this study provide useful guidelines for designing more user-friendly traffic signs in the future. It identified particular driver groups who lacked good understanding of traffic signs, and this information may assist the relevant organizations to better allocate traffic training resources, and better target future studies of traffic sign comprehension.     

施工安全标识位置特征驱动的自动化注意行为研究*

为改善施工安全标识警示效果,减少盲视发生,探究不同位置特征下施工安全标识引发的自动化注意行为,采用改进的注意捕获试验范式,使用E-prime 2.0平台记录当事人的反应时长和判断正误,通过注意捕获量和判断正确率度量自动化注意效果,并进一步构建施工安全标识自动化注意加工模型,剖析自动化注意加工过程及机理。研究结果表明:初次视认发生时,安全标识引发的自动化注意受位置因素影响,具有正中最优、正方向加强、右侧抑制等特点;对标识的自动化注意由启动和加工2个环节构成,与共同作用于视觉通道的控制加工串行发生,在启动阶段受位置特征提供的有效刺激强度影响,在加工阶段消耗较少认知资源。     

Evaluating safety-influencing factors at stop-controlled intersections using automated video analysis

Introduction: Although stop signs are popular in North America, they have become controversial in cities like Montreal, Canada where they are often installed to reduce vehicular speeds and improve pedestrian safety despite limited evidence demonstrating their effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of stop-control configuration (and other features) on safety using statistical models and surrogate measures of safety (SMoS), namely vehicle speed, time-to-collision (TTC), and post-encroachment time (PET), while controlling for features of traffic, geometry, and built environment. Methods: This project leverages high-resolution user trajectories extracted from video data collected for 100 intersections, 336 approaches, and 130,000 road users in Montreal to develop linear mixed-effects regression models to account for within-site and within-approach correlations. This research proposes the Intersection Exposure Group (IEG) indicator, an original method for classifying microscopic exposure of pedestrians and vehicles. Results: Stop signs were associated with an average decrease in approach speed of 17.2 km/h and 20.1 km/h, at partially and fully stop-controlled respectively. Cyclist or pedestrian presence also significantly lower vehicle speeds. The proposed IEG measure was shown to successfully distinguish various types of pedestrian-vehicle interactions, allowing for the effect of each interaction type to vary in the model. Conclusions: The presence of stop signs significantly reduced approach speeds compared to uncontrolled approaches. Though several covariates were significantly related to TTC and PET for vehicle pairs, the models were unable to demonstrate a significant relationship between stop signs and vehicle–pedestrian interactions. Therefore, drawing conclusions regarding pedestrian safety is difficult. Practical Applications: As pedestrian safety is frequently used to justify new stop sign installations, this result has important policy implications. Policies implementing stop signs to reduce pedestrian crashes may be less effective than other interventions. Enforcement and education efforts, along with geometric design considerations, should accompany any changes in traffic control.     

基于认知心理学的驾驶员交通标志视认性理论分析

从认知心理的角度研究了驾驶员对交通标志的视认性,建立了基于认知心理学的驾驶员信息处理过程的概念模型,总结了影响交通标志视认性的两类因素———驾驶员因素和交通标志物理因素。提出了用知觉理论解释不同驾驶经历的驾驶员对标志识别存在的差异现象;用特征说理论解释了标志的独特性有利于驾驶员的识别;标志的信息量不宜超出驾驶员有限的注意力资源以及驾驶员的短时记忆容量限定了交通标志应该具有易读性。为改进交通标志的设计设置,探讨交通标志视认性的指标测度手段,进而为建立起客观实用的认知心理学实验方法及综合评价指标体系提供了理论基础。     

基于DEMATEL-ISM的地下金属矿山人机系统事故影响因素分析

针对地下金属矿山人机系统的复杂性和动态性,基于人、机、环境、管理和信息5类事故致因,充分考虑各个因素之间的交互作用,确定地下金属矿山人机系统安全的15个重要影响因素,结合决策实验室分析法和解释结构模型对影响因素进行处理和分析,实现影响因素的层次划分。结果表明:人机系统中,人员各方面的知识更新慢和认知缺陷是根本原因;安全文化薄弱和非功能性交互是深层次原因;不确定性、信息交互受阻和系统结构脆性属于过渡致因;人为失误、人机约束失效、重复或遗漏控制、物质交互受阻、能量交互受阻和应变能力差是事故的近邻致因;机械物理部件失效和无事故事件通报对金属矿山人机系统安全性的影响相对较弱。     

安全标志排列顺序的视觉注意特征研究*

为研究安全标志位置设置的视觉注意特征,选取国标中4种安全标志（警告、禁止、指令、提示）进行排列组合,利用Eyelink Ⅱ记录20名被试的平均注视时间和首次注视时间,并采用统计学及视觉注意理论进行分析。研究结果表明:从位置角度分析,无论横向还是纵向排列,位置Ⅱ的首次注视时间相对较短,且当禁止标志位于位置Ⅱ时,首次注视时间平均值相对较小;从平均注视时间角度分析,禁止标志位于位置Ⅱ时,平均注视时间相对较长;通过横纵位置Ⅱ的对比可知,禁止标志位于位置Ⅱ时,排列方式对平均注视时间及首次注视时间无显著影响（p>0.05）;横向中偏左的位置及纵向中偏上的位置具有较好的识别性,而禁止标志位于位置Ⅱ时,显著性更高且横向与纵向无差异,国标的顺序设置更能增强安全标志的显著性。     

基于集对分析法的煤矿危险性评价

煤矿危险性评价包含因素较多导致评价是一个比较复杂的过程,评价方法已经成为一个关键问题。讨论了集对分析相关理论,并将集对分析引入煤矿危险性评价中,建立了煤矿危险性评价指标体系,针对不考虑煤矿评价指标权重与考虑指标权重两种情况,通过联系度与集对势综合判断煤矿危险性态势,并对某煤矿的危险性进行评价,在不考虑指标权重与考虑指标权重两种情况下均处于"一般安全"等级,但后者的安全等级程度更低,两种情况的态势均属于微同势,也说明了该煤矿存在安全隐患,需要采取相关的安全措施并加强安全管理,该方法为煤矿危险性评价提供了一条新的方法和手段。     

基于有限理性的煤矿安全投资演化博弈研究

从有限理性角度出发,采用演化博弈论建立了考虑政府监管的煤矿企业安全投资的演化博弈模型。分析了博弈双方的复制动态方程及动态进化过程,揭示了博弈双方的行为特征及其对稳定状态的影响。分析了四种情况下的演化稳定策略,预测了煤矿安全投资的长期稳定趋势。同时分析了政府奖励、处罚和安全事故对煤矿安全投资的影响。结果显示降低煤矿安全投资成本、降低检查成本、提高惩罚力度等都将使煤矿安全投资朝着良好的方向演化。最后提出了相关的政策建议。为煤矿企业的安全投资和政府的监督管理提供了有益的指导。     

Depth perception,dark adaptation,vigilance and accident proneness of Chinese coal mine workers

To explore the relationships between human factors and accident proneness of coal mine workers, the depth perception, dark adaptation and vigilance abilities of 239 Chinese coal mine workers were tested and their accident proneness was surveyed with an accident proneness questionnaire. The results indicated that dark adaptation and vigilance abilities of the mine workers declined with increasing age. Vigilance had a significant negative relationship with accident proneness. There were significant differences in vigilance between coal mine workers doing different types of work. Individual difference in vigilance was relevant to the type of work that an individual did in a coal mine. The dark adaptation index had a significant positive relationship with accident proneness. Coal mine workers with weaker dark adaptation ability were also more accident prone. Some ergonomics recommendations concerning coal mine safety management in China are proposed.     

安全氛围对矿工生活的外溢效应比较研究

围绕社会影响理论、煤矿安全氛围、外溢效应的内涵,通过资料分析和计量统计方法,甄别出社会影响动机主要包含3种动机、煤矿安全氛围主要包含7大因素、外溢效应主要包含3种方式,经分析制定社会影响动机下煤矿安全氛围对矿工生活的外溢效应调研问卷,对4个煤矿260名矿工展开调研。运用SPSS17.0和AMOS7.0,从以下2个方面进行比较研究:未考虑社会动机下煤矿安全氛围对矿工生活外溢效应进行潜变量路径分析;加入社会影响动机后煤矿安全氛围对矿工生活外溢效应进行回归分析。     

Sight obstruction at at-grade pedestrian crossings: A review of the understanding of the meaning of zigzag lines

Parked and stopped vehicles in the vicinity of an at-grade pedestrian crossing obstruct visibility between pedestrians crossing the roadway and approaching vehicles, leading into vehicle–pedestrian crashes. Pavement zigzag line markings at at-grade pedestrian crossings, mostly at mid-block locations are used to restrict parking, stopping, and overtaking within the crossing, to enhance driver–pedestrian visibility. Yet, in some countries zigzag lines are used as advance markings to the crossing. Like any other traffic control device, zigzag lines’ effectiveness hinges on road user’s understanding of their meanings.This paper reviews the literature on the applications and understanding of these lines at pedestrian crossings. The meaning of zigzag line pavement markings at pedestrian crossings has not been well understood to some road users and road safety stakeholders worldwide. This dilemma may suggest that educating road users, especially drivers, may be necessary in order to improve pedestrian safety. Documented literature such as this one may also improve the understanding of these lines to road safety stakeholders. Despite of the importance of unobstructed sight between the pedestrian and the driver, treatments in the forms of signs and pavement markings require continuous education and enforcement. Practicing traffic engineers may want to place more emphasis on engineering treatments that are more effective in improving pedestrian safety, such as those that manages vehicle speeds, than relying heavily on traffic control devices that are often misunderstood and lesser effective such as zigzag lines.     

基于矿山安全专家系统安全信息采集及特征研究

把人工智能专家系统应用到矿山安全领域,模拟专家的经验评估安全生产环境,实现矿山最大安全化管理。安全专家系统的人机界面是系统与用户沟通的桥梁。友好的人机界面信息采集,既可以提高使用者的工作效率,也可以提高输出结构的准确性。针对安全专家系统在金属非金属矿山研究较少的特点,从系统安全工程相关原理出发,引入了人工智能安全专家系统,并从总图布置单元、开拓单元、采掘单元、提升运输单元、供电通讯单元、通风单元六个方面,探讨了界面信息采集的有关理论。根据给出的人机界面信息采集流程,得到了能够最大程度表征矿山安全的信息。为专家系统推理机后续的推理工作提供了一条有效的途径,最终实现人-机交互过程智能化的目的。     

生物节律对矿井生产的影响及安全策略研究

根据生物节律的起源、定义及本质,将生物节律从人体三节律和频度两个角度分类,概述其参数变化规律,并阐明矿井生产环境中导致生物节律偏移的因素。简述生物节律的计算方法,提出运用现代计算机技术,即excel表格的编程功能建立节律预测表,对职工进行安全评价。通过对矿井伤亡事故实例的计算与分析,探求生物节律和矿井生产事故之间的关联度。在充分考虑生物节律的基础下,提出现实可行的安全策略,降低矿井安全事故的发生率     

教学楼火灾疏散的标识认知应对规律研究

为了研究逃生者在疏散标识引导下的火灾疏散效率与逃生认知应对规律,基于实地调研与问卷调查结果,采用Anylogic软件,对常规标识与增设标识2种教学楼火灾疏散情境进行仿真模拟。研究结果表明:在疏散过程中,增设标识能使各疏散出口的疏散时间相对持平,避免了常规疏散中通道过早闲置的现象;人流在一层教学楼的平均疏散时长缩短了约10%,显著缩短了整栋教学楼的疏散时间。据此火灾标识疏散仿真过程与人的认知反应提出了火灾疏散与标识认知应对规律模型。     

基于GLM模糊评价在煤矿安全中的应用

煤矿安全评价是现代绿色矿山建设的主要指标之一。为对煤矿安全进行有效的评价,综合分析影响煤矿安全的人员因素、地质因素、技术设备因素、环境因素等各项指标。应用广义线性理论和SAS统计分析方法,建立基于GLM模糊评价模型。通过计算各项指标对应等级的煤矿安全影响权重〖AKω- ij,结合模糊综合评价方法得出煤矿的安全生产状况,同时通过优势比分析各指标的敏感性因子,得出防范指标危险性的有效措施。研究表明:该模型依据标准整理数据,操作性强,较准确地得出煤矿安全的状况,为煤矿的安全评价和管理决策提供依据。     

矿井主扇合理匹配安全及经济效益分析

部分矿井由于受到各方面因素影响,实际生产能力不能达到设计生产能力,有些采区安装的主要通风机的通风能力大于采区实际需要风量,即主要通风机匹配的电动机不合理,不但造成经济效益的损失,而且影响矿井的本质安全。本文以嘉禾煤矿浦溪井为例,通过简述矿井主要通风机与电动机匹配的合理改造,分析其运行效果和对矿井安全的影响;并浅述改造后的经济效益。     

中国与南非金属非金属矿山安全标准化标准比对分析及启示

近年来,我国矿难不断,人民生命财产受到了巨大的损失,而造成这些矿难的一个主要原因是矿山安全标准化工作存在疏漏。安全标准化的建设是夯实企业安全基础、强化企业安全管理、提升企业本质安全水平的强有力措施。通过分析我国与南非金属非金属矿山安全标准化标准的现状,从金属非金属矿山安全标准化的创建到围绕矿山安全标准化展开的14个核心要素,进行了全面的比对,并在比对的基础上,对其中存在较大差异的指标进行分析。总结了我国与南非矿山安全标准化之间的异同,指出了我国金属非金属矿山安全标准化标准存在的缺点和不足。基于具体技术指标比对分析以及对安全标准化缺点和不足的分析,对我国非煤矿山安全标准化发展提出参考意,借以希望为我国非煤矿山安全标准化标准的修订工作提供了一定的参考和帮助。