二安替比林─（2，4─二羟基）苯基甲烷光度法测定铬（Ⅵ）

合成了二安替比林基─（２，４─二羟基）苯基甲烷（ＤＡＤＨＭ）．在Ｍｎ（Ⅱ）和吐温─２０存在下．Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）与ＤＡＤＨＭ反应生成有色化合物．λｍａｘ为４６０ｎｍ，ε＝１．１×１０５Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１，Ｃｒ（Ⅵ１）量在０～１０μｇ／２５ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律。该体系灵敏度较高，选择性较好．用于水和废水中微量铬（Ⅵ）的测定，结果满意。     

二安替比林对羟基苯乙烯基甲烷与锰显色反应研究应用

合成了新试剂二安替比林对羟基苯乙烯基甲烷，并研究了ＤＡｐＨＶＭ和Ｍｎ（Ⅳ）的显色反应，在强碱性介质中，空气氧化Ｍｎ（Ⅳ），然后在磷酸介质中，Ｍｎ（Ⅳ）氧化ＤＡａＨＶＭ生成红色产物，λｍａｘ＝５４０ｎｍ，ε＝１．３６＊１０＾５Ｌ．同Ｍｎ（Ⅱ）含量在０－０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ内符合比耳定律。方法用于茶叶样品中锰的测定，结果令人满意。     

4—（H—酸偶氮）—1—苯基—3—甲基吡唑酮光度法测定铜的研究及应用

合成了新试剂４－（Ｈ－酸偶氮）１－苯基－３－甲基吡唑酮（ＨＰＭＰ），研究了其和铜的显色反应。在ｐＨ＝７的ＮＨ４Ａｃ缓冲介质中，ＣＴＭＡＢ存在下，ＨＰＭＰ与Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）生成２∶１紫色络合物，λｍａｘ＝５８０ｎｍ，ε＝５．６８×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１。铜含量在０～０．６ｍｇ／Ｌ内符合比耳定律。方法用于水样和生物样品中铜的测定，结果令人满意。     

3—（H—酸偶氮）—4—（羟基）—苯磺酸与铁显色反应研究应用

研究了新试剂３—（Ｈ—酸偶氮）—４—（羟基）—苯磺酸（ＨＡＨＢＳ）与铁的显色反应，在ＮＨ４Ａｃ（ｐＨ＝ ７．０）缓冲介质中，ＨＡＨＢＳ和Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）可生成３∶１ 稳定络合物，λｍａｘ ＝ ５５０ ｎｍ ，ε＝ ４．８９×１０４Ｌ·ｍ ｏｌ－ １·ｃｍ － １，铁含量在０～０．６ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ内符合比耳定律。方法用于环境水样中铁的测定，结果令人满意。     

5－Cl－PADAB－SDS分光光度法连续测定血清及废水中的铜和铁

在十二烷基硫酸钠，氟化钠和盐酸羟胺存在下，ＰＨ＝５．２～７醋酸－醋酸钠缓冲溶液中，Ｃｕ（Ⅱ），Ｆｅ（Ⅱ）分别与５－ＣＩ－ＰＡＤＡＢ形成紫红色络合物。选择测定波长为５３０ｎｍ，铜和铁的摩尔吸光系数分别为５２×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１，６０×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·Ｃｍ－１．铜和铁分别在０～１２ｕｇ／１０ｍｌ和０～１０ｕｇ／１０ｍ１范围内符合比尔定律。选用了硫代硫酸钠－硫脲褪色液和ＥＤＴＡ掩蔽剂，直接用于血清及水中铜和铁的连续测定，结果满意。     

新试剂4－（2－喹啉偶氮）－1，3－二羟萘分光光度法测定水中镉

研究了镉（Ⅱ）与４－（２－喹啉偶氮）－１，３－二羟萘（２－ＱＡＤＶＭ）的显色反应。结果表明：在０．３ｍｎｏｌ／Ｌ氢氧化钠溶液中，当有十二烷基（２－羟乙基）二甲基氯化铵（ＤＥＭＡＣ）存在时，镉（Ⅱ）与２－喹啉偶氮形成１：２橙红色络合物，λ_ｍａｘ为５１０_ｎｍ，摩尔吸光系数ε＝１．２×１０５Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１，镉的浓度的在０～２０μｇ／（２５ｍＬ）范围内符合比尔定律，用２－喹啉偶氮作显色剂，可直接测定废水中的镉。试样用标准加入法测得回收率为９６％～１０４％，相对标准偏差小于３％，用此法与双硫腙分光光度法对模拟镀镉废水进行了对比试验，其相对误差小于４％。     

N─苯甲酰苯基羟胺／吡啶偶氮染料配体交换反应萃取分光光度法测定固体废物浸出液中的微量钒

在强酸性介质中，ＶＯ３与Ｎ－苯甲酰苯基羟胺（ＢＰＨＡ）反应生成紫红色络合物，能定量地被ＣＨＣＬ３萃取．萃取液加入２－（５－溴－２－吡啶偶氮）－５－二乙氨基酚（５—Ｂｒ—ＰＡＤＡＰ）后可发生配体交换反应，并生成橙红色的Ｖ（Ｖ）－５—Ｂｒ—ＰＡＤＡＰ络合物，有机相可直接用于光度测定．Ｖ（Ｖ）－５—Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ的最大吸收波长为６００ｎｍ，摩尔吸光系数为５．４Ｘ１０￣４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１，线性范围为０～０．７６μｇｖ／ｗｌ。     

桑色素-吐温-20胶束增溶分光光度法测定微量铁

本文对铁（Ⅲ）与桑色素（Ｍｏｒｉｎ）的显色反应进行了研究。在非离子表面活性剂吐温－２０存在下，于ｐＨ４．１的邻苯二甲酸氢钾缓冲溶液中，铁（Ⅲ）与桑色素形成稳定的黄色配合物，其组成比为Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）∶Ｍｏｒｉｎ＝１∶３，最大吸收波长为４１８ｎｍ，表观摩尔吸光系数为６．６９×１０４Ｌ／ｍｏｌ·ｃｍ，铁（Ⅲ）浓度在０～１６μｇ／２５ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律。方法简便、快速，选择性好。应用于环境水样和植物中微量铁的测定，结果满意。     

吐温20和Mn（Ⅱ）存在下二安替匹林─（2，4─二氯）苯基甲烷与铬（Ⅵ）的显色反应的研究

合成了二安替匹林—（２，４—二氯）苯基甲烷（ＤＡＤＣＭ）。研究了在Ｈ３ＰＯ４介质中，在Ｍｎ（Ⅱ）和吐温２０存在下，Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）与ＤＡＤＣＭ的显色反应。该反应产物为橙红色化合物，λ（ｍａｘ）＝４９０ｎｍ，ε为１．０８×１０５。Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）量在０～１０（μｇ／２５ｍｌ）符合比耳定律。方法有较好选择性，体系可稳定２４ｈ。用于水和废水中微量Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的测定，结果满意。     

氧化偶氮胂M褪色光度法测定微量锰的研究

在酸性介质中，Ｍｎ（Ⅶ）强的氧化性对偶氮胂Ｍ有褪色作用，借此进行吸光光度法测定微量锰的研究。实验表明，在１８～２７ｍｏｌ／ＬＨ２ＳＯ４介质中，有色溶液的最大吸收波长为５４０ｎｍ，表观摩尔吸光系数为１８３×１０４Ｌ／ｍｏｌ·ｃｍ，锰量在０～１４μｇ／ｍｌ范围内与有色溶液吸光度的减少值呈线性关系。方法简单快速、选择性好、准确度高，灵敏度是高锰酸盐法的近８倍，可用于测定水样、地质样品中的微量锰。在测定某些地质样品中的微量锰时，结果满意。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.