DOM纳滤膜污染及对膜截留卡马西平性能的影响

研究了天然原水中溶解性有机物(DOM)对HL和ESNA1-K两种纳滤膜造成的膜污染及其对膜截留卡马西平(CBZ)性能的影响.结果表明,DOM的存在造成了严重的膜污染和通量衰减.膜污染对CBZ截留率的影响与膜本身的特性和污染物特性有关,DOM通过在膜表面形成污染滤饼层和进入膜孔内部造成的膜孔堵塞,影响弱疏水性的CBZ从水中的分离,青草沙水库原水中的DOM引起的膜污染提高了两种纳滤膜对CBZ的截留效果,而太湖DOM造成的膜污染会降低CBZ的截留效果.研究还发现,中等相对分子质量(1 500~10 000)有机物会紧密地黏附在膜表面形成滤饼层,从而改变膜表面的疏水性能,小分子主要通过进入膜孔导致膜孔径堵塞.滤饼层的疏水性和浓差极化作用以及膜孔径的堵塞造成膜通量衰减并影响CBZ去除率.应用XDLVO理论对DOM造成的膜污染的分析结果表明,太湖DOM的疏水性明显强于青草沙DOM,其分子间的聚合自由能更负,与膜的黏附自由能更负,因而造成的膜污染和通量衰减更严重.     

微污染水源水中有机物的分布特征及微滤膜对其的影响作用

本试验是在微污染水源水中有机物分布调查的基础上,采用聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)微滤膜(MF)过滤微污染地表水,考察微滤膜对天然水中有机物的影响作用.试验结果表明,黄浦江微污染水源水中的有机物分子质量主要集中在3~5 k Da和0.2 k Da附近,且疏水性有机物和亲水性有机物所占的比例相当.有机物季节性分布特征明显,冬季溶解性有机碳(DOC)的值偏高,而UV254和比紫外吸光度值(SUVA)则在夏季偏高.黄浦江原水经微滤膜过滤后,有机物构成发生明显变化,膜出水中的亲水性有机物的比例增加,而疏水性有机物的比例降低,DOC和UV254的平均去除率分别为17.73%和15.75%.黄浦江原水及经0.45μm滤膜过滤以去除悬浮物的黄浦江原水分别进行微滤膜过滤,膜比通量的对比发现,在较短时间内两者的膜比通量下降都很明显,而后膜比通量都趋于平缓,变化趋势及结果基本一致,可见,黄浦江水中造成膜通量下降的物质并不是悬浮物,而是溶解性的有机物质.     

不同组分的有机物对膜过滤通量下降的影响

采用DAX-8、XAD-4、IRA-958型树脂将自来水中有机物分离成强疏水性、弱疏水性、极性亲水性、中性亲水性有机物,以聚偏氟乙烯、聚醚砜、醋酸纤维3种材质的膜对各组分水样进行膜过滤试验,研究不同组分的有机物对膜过滤通量的影响.结果表明,过滤原水时,PES膜、PVDF膜和CA膜的通量分别比初始通量下降了67%、 59%和19%,表明疏水性越强的膜,越容易造成污染.就各种组分对通量的影响而言,过滤中性亲水性组分的通量下降为初始通量的41%～75%,而弱疏水性组分为6%～33%,表明中性亲水性组分对膜过滤通量的影响最大.3种膜中,CA膜对中性亲水性组分的截留率最高,达14.69%,但通量下降程度却最小,说明膜通量下降的程度并不与有机物截留总量正相关.对膜污染机制进行探讨后发现,对于截留分子量较大的超滤或微滤膜,相对分子质量>3×10⁴的中性亲水性组分通过堵塞膜孔内部,从而造成严重的膜污染;而对于截留分子量较小的超滤膜,中性亲水性组分由于无法进入膜孔,主要在膜表面形成滤饼层,从而对膜通量的影响较小.     

粉末活性炭预处理对超滤膜通量的影响

研究了粉末活性炭预处理对改善超滤膜过滤通量的效果.试验采用了4种具有不同亲疏水性的水样,着重探讨粉末活性炭对有机物的疏水性和亲水性组分的去除效果以及所带来的通量改善.试验结果表明,对于4种水样,超滤膜直接过滤原水时,通量下降严重.虽然粉末活性炭预处理能在一定程度上提高通量,但通量下降的趋势仍未改善.对有机物各组分的分析表明,直接过滤原水时,膜主要截留疏水性有机物;粉末炭吸附主要去除亲水性有机物,而超滤膜过滤粉末炭处理水时,主要截留疏水性有机物.由此,超滤膜的通量下降主要是由疏水性有机物引起的,亲水性组分对通量的影响较小.     

太湖原水中膜污染物质的确定与表征

采用混凝沉淀和浸没式微滤膜联用技术处理太湖原水,考察组合工艺中的有机物亲疏水性和分子量分布变化,并分析化学清洗水的有机物组分,以期确定造成膜污染的主要物质成分.结果表明,混凝预处理可有效去除大分子的亲水性有机物,这类有机物仅能导致可逆污染,而中等和小分子的有机物会导致不可逆污染.此外,三维荧光光谱表明与膜污染关系最密切的2个区域为:λex=230nm/λem=330~350nm (区域Ⅰ)和λex=280nm/λem=300~350nm (区域Ⅳ),其对应的胞外蛋白质类有机物和溶解性微生物产物(SMP)是造成微滤膜不可逆污染的主要物质.     

有机物对UF膜过滤通量的影响

采用截留分子量为30000的聚醚砜超滤膜进行膜过滤试验,研究有机物的特性,如亲疏水性以及相对分子质量对超滤膜通量的影响.试验结果表明,过滤亲水性组分时膜通量明显高于过滤疏水性组分.对2种不同水源的试验表明,尽管有机物含量相同,但由于亲疏水性的比例不同,造成的膜通量下降不同.疏水性越大的原水,其膜通量下降也越大.因此,疏水性组分是造成通量下降的主要因素.试验还表明,相对分子质量较大的有机物并非通量下降的主要因素,有机物的分散性可能是影响通量的主要因素.     

藻类有机物的特性以及对超滤膜的污染

采用凝胶色谱、亲疏水性、荧光色谱等方法研究铜绿微囊藻类有机物的特性.结果表明,铜绿微囊藻类有机物(AOM)主要由亲水性组分构成,占78%,比紫外吸光度仅为1.1 L/(mg.m).超滤膜法测定结果表明,藻类有机物中相对分子质量30 000的有机物占40%以上,并且主要由中性亲水性组分构成.荧光色谱分析表明,AOM中含有蛋白质类和腐殖质类物质.膜过滤试验表明,藻类有机物对超滤膜造成严重的通量下降,这可归结为大分子的中性亲水性组分堵塞膜孔的缘故.     

城市污水二级出水超滤膜污染与膜特性的研究

以城市污水二级出水为过滤介质,考察了PVA、PVP、PMMA等与PVDF的二元及三元共混超滤膜的过滤污染行为.结果表明,共混优化了PVDF超滤膜的结构参数,添加剂PVP、PVA可有效改善膜的亲水化程度,提高膜渗透通量.超滤膜的亲水性和结构特性对膜抗污染性能影响较大;堵孔阻力是二级出水过滤膜污染不可逆的主要原因.亲水性较强的超滤膜,二级出水过滤初期易因浓差极化而导致滤饼层污染,造成一定的通量衰减,但易清洗恢复,不可逆污染指数(rir)为0,抗污染性能好.致密的超滤膜表面有利于防止二级出水中的中低分子量污染物进入膜内部,而断面通透大孔和疏松海绵层结构的超滤膜,能减少二级出水中的污染物在膜中沉积形成堵孔阻力.膜表面多孔,内部大孔发育不充分,易形成堵孔污染,通量衰减大且不易清洗恢复,膜污染不可逆.     

采用膜污染指数评估天然有机物在低压超滤膜中的污染行为

针对超滤膜的过滤特性,采用膜污染指数（FI）来研究天然有机物（NOM）的膜污染行为.实验中,腐殖酸（HA）、牛血清蛋白（BSA）以及海藻酸钠（NaAlg）被用作模型有机物进行超滤膜污染研究.结果表明,NOM-膜滤先后经过快反应和慢反应污染阶段,其中快反应膜污染指数（TFIF）远大于慢反应膜污染指数（TFIS）.说明短时间内NOM容易在低压膜上积累,造成通量迅速下降,引起较为严重的污染.因此,反应最初阶段,低压膜与有机物的作用决定了整个膜污染的趋势.经过水力清洗,通量有一定恢复,膜阻力降低,能够去除部分污染物,但仍有少量有机物附着在膜丝,从而造成不可逆污染.3种有机物造成的不可逆污染比例依次为BSA〉HA〉NaAlg,而通过化学清洗后,其不可逆污染比例依次为：NaAlg〉BSA〉HA,腐殖酸和蛋白容易造成不可逆污染,但碱洗易于除去,多糖造成的不可逆污染相对较轻,但碱洗难以去除.污染物与膜之间的相互作用可能是造成污染的主要原因.总的说来,FI计算方法简单,能够综合描述膜污染情况,具有一定的应用价值.     

天然有机物的相对分子质量分布及亲疏水性对微滤膜组合工艺中膜污染的影响

研究采用混凝沉淀+粉末活性炭吸附+高锰酸钾+浸没式微滤膜的组合工艺对太湖水进行中试试验,通过高效凝胶色谱(HPSEC-UV-TOC)和三维荧光(3DEEM)的测定方法,着重考察有机物的相对分子质量(Mr)分布和亲疏水性对膜不可逆污染的影响.凝胶色谱分析表明:预处理可几乎完全去除大分子有机物(Mr>10×103),但仅能去除部分的中等分子(10×103>Mr>1×103)和小分子(Mr<1×103)有机物.研究发现化学清洗水中的有机物相对分子质量多为中等分子和小分子,说明导致膜不可逆污染的主要是中等分子和小分子有机物.此外,洗膜水中强疏和中性亲水组分含量远高于弱疏和极性亲水,说明强疏和中性亲水组分是不可逆污染的主要物质.三维荧光分析表明,芳香族蛋白质和溶解性微生物产物是造成膜不可逆污染的主要污染物.     

海藻酸及腐殖酸共存对PVDF超滤膜的污染行为

为了揭示有机物对PVDF超滤膜的污染行为,选用典型亲/疏水性有机污染物海藻酸(SA)及腐殖酸(HA),采用原子力显微镜结合自制的PVDF膜材料探针和污染物探针定量测定了PVDF-污染物及污染物-污染物间的作用力,并进行PVDF膜污染试验和污染物去除效果分析.结果表明:亲水性SA-PVDF及SA-SA之间的作用力皆大于疏水性HA-PVDF及HA-HA间的作用力,且SA污染膜的通量衰减速率与衰减幅度明显大于HA污染膜,说明了亲水性有机物是引起PVDF超滤膜污染的优势污染物.HA/SA混合污染物试验表明,膜污染行为与混合污染物中优势污染物的含量密切相关;与单种污染物的膜污染行为相比,混合污染物间不存在明显的协同作用促进膜污染.此外,污染物的去除率与相应微观作用力大小及膜污染速率成正相关关系.     

Membrane fouling in ultrafiltration of natural water after pretreatment to different extents

The combined fouling during ultrafiltration(UF) of surface water pretreated to different extents was investigated to disclose the roles of polysaccharides, proteins, and inorganic particles in UF membrane fouling. Both reversible and irreversible fouling decreased with enhanced pretreatment(biologically active carbon(BAC) treatment and sand filtration). The sand filter effluent fouled the membrane very slowly. The UF membrane removed turbidity to less than 0.1 nephelometric turbidity unit(NTU), reduced polysaccharides by 25.4%–29.9%, but rejected few proteins. Both polysaccharides and inorganic particles were detected on the fouled membranes, but inorganic particles could be effectively removed by backwashing. The increase of turbidity in the sand filter effluent to 3.05 NTU did not significantly increase the fouling rate, but an increase in the turbidity in the BAC effluent to6.11 NTU increased the fouling rate by more than 100%. The results demonstrated that the polysaccharide, not the protein, constituents of biopolymers were responsible for membrane fouling. Membrane fouling was closely associated with a small fraction of polysaccharides in the feed water. Inorganic particles exacerbated membrane fouling only when the concentration of fouling–inducing polysaccharides in the feed water was relatively high. The combined fouling was largely reversible, and polysaccharides were the predominant substances responsible for irreversible fouling.     

不同相对分子质量的有机物对膜通量的影响

采用截留分子量分别为10、30kDa的聚醚砜膜和100kDa的聚偏氟乙烯膜对原水进行分级处理,并采用截留分子量分别为150kDa的聚偏氟乙烯膜和0.1μm的醋酸纤维素膜对出水进行膜过滤试验,研究不同相对分子质量的有机物对膜通量的影响.结果表明,虽然相对分子质量>30kDa的大分子有机物仅为总有机物的15%,但它分别引起微滤膜的通量下降86%和超滤膜通量下降54%.混凝处理可以去除相对分子质量>100kDa的有机物,这部分有机物导致通量下降40%以上.因此,尽管混凝处理仅去除10%的有机物,但改善通量的效果显著.粉末活性炭可以去除相对分子量<30kDa的小分子有机物,这部分有机物对通量下降的贡献程度甚低.因此,尽管粉末活性炭去除76%的有机物,但改善通量的效果甚微.预处理改善通量的效果并不取决于去除有机物的多少,而是取决于所去除的有机物对通量的影响大小.     

The role of extracellular organic matter on the cyanobacteria ultrafiltration process

The membrane fouling caused by extracellular organic matter (EOM) and algal cells and organic matter removal of two typical cyanobacteria (M. aeruginosa and Pseudoanabaena sp.) during ultrafiltration (UF) process were studied in this work. The results showed that EOM had a broad molecular weight (Mw) distribution and the irreversible membrane fouling was basically caused by EOM. Moreover, humic acid and microbial metabolites were major components of EOM of two typical cyanobacteria. Since EOM could fill the voids of cake layers formed by the algal cells, EOM and algal cells played synergistic roles in membrane fouling. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the CH₂ and CH₃ chemical bonds may play an important role in membrane fouling caused by EOM. Interestingly, the cake layer formed by the algal cells could trap the organic matter produced by algae and alleviate some irreversible membrane fouling. The results also showed that although the cake layer formed by the algal cells cause severe permeate flux decline, it could play a double interception role with UF membrane and increase organic matter removal efficiency. Therefore, when using UF to treat algae-laden water, the balance of membrane fouling and organic matter removal should be considered to meet the needs of practical applications.     

Ultrafiltration with in-line coagulation for the removal of natural humic acid and membrane fouling mechanism

Experimental and theoretical analysis were made on the natural humic acid removal and the membrane fouling of ultrafiltration （UF） with in-line coagulation. The results showed dissolved organic carbon （DOC） and UV254 removals by the UF with in-line coagulation at pH 7 were increased from 28% to 53% and 40% to 78% in comparison with direct UF treatment respectively. At the same time, the analysis of high performance liquid chromatography showed that UF with coagulation had significant improvement of removal of humic acid with molecular weights less than 6000 Da in particular. Compared to direct UF, the in-line coagulation UF also kept more constant permeate flux and very slight increase oftransmembrane pressure during a filtration circle. Two typical membrane fouling models were used by inducing two coefficients Kc and Kp corresponding to cake filtration model and pore narrowing model respectively. It was found that membrane fouling by pore-narrowing effect was effectively alleviated and that by cake-filtration was much decreased by in-line coagulation. Under the condition of coagulation prior to ultrafiltration at pH 7, the cake layer formed on the membrane surface became thicker, but the membrane filtration resistance was lower than that at pH 5 with the extension of operation time.     

Effects of protein properties on ultrafiltration membrane fouling performance in water treatment

Protein-like substances always induce severe ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling. To systematically understand the effect of proteins, regenerated cellulose UF membrane (commonly used for protein separation) performance was investigated in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) under various water conditions. Results showed that although trypsin enhanced the membrane flux via proteolysis, catalysis took a long time. Membrane fouling was alleviated at high solution pH and low water temperature owing to the strong electrostatic repulsion force among BSA molecules. Both Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ could increase membrane flux. However, Ca²⁺ played a bridging role between adjacent BSA molecules, whereas membrane fouling was alleviated via a hydration repulsion force with Na⁺. The order of influence on membrane fouling was as follows: Ca²⁺ concentration > Na⁺ concentration > pH > temperature > trypsin concentration. Furthermore, a polyvinylidene fluoride UF membrane experiment showed that Ca²⁺ could reduce the fouling induced by BSA. Thus, the differences in UF membrane performance will have application potential for alleviating UF membrane fouling induced by proteins during water treatment.