生物多样性重要区域(KBAs)识别全球标准及在中国的应用建议

生物多样性重要区域的识别是进行生物多样性保护的首要步骤。世界自然保护联盟(International Unionfor Conservation of Nature,IUCN) 2016年3月正式发布了生物多样性重要区域(简称KBAs)识别的全球标准(KBA标准)。首次系统地考虑不同层次的生物多样性及其要素,从基因层面、物种层面和生态系统层面定位和突显那些对于维护全球生物多样性具有重要贡献的地区,帮助各国和地区识别对维护全球陆地、内陆水域和海洋生物多样性有显著贡献的区域。该标准是IUCN近30多年以来开展不同生物类群、生态和专类别生物多样性重要区域识别的经验基础上提出来的又一重要全球标准。笔者对标准中几点关键原则进行了重点解读,并结合中国在生物多样性重要区域识别的研究进展提出了有针对性的建议。     

中国生物多样性重点保护区评价标准探讨

从基于景观大尺度的评价和基于保护区域小尺度的评价2个层次,综述了国内外研究者在生物多样性重点区域评价方面开展的工作.尝试构建一般标准和鉴定标准的双重中国生物多样性重点保护区评价标准.其中,一般标准是作为重点保护区的基本条件,必须全部满足,而鉴定标准是依据相应指标进行判断,凡具有任意1项或多项指标的区域可被确认为重点保护区.并就指标体系和评价标准的具体内涵作了阐述.     

2020年全球生物多样性目标解读及其评估指标探讨

2010年以来,全球开展了讨论和咨询,确定世界生物多样性保护的路线图。2010年10月在日本召开的《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会第十次会议通过了《生物多样性战略计划》（2011—2020年）。该战略计划确立了2020年全球生物多样性目标（简称2020年目标）,设计了世界生物多样性保护的路线图和时间表,为制定国家目标提供了灵活的框架。该文剖析了《生物多样性公约》各缔约方对2020年目标的谈判立场,解读了2020年目标的内涵,论述了2020年目标评估指标研究的最新进展,在进一步加强生物多样性评价指标研究、建设生物多样性监测标准和网络、开展生物多样性长期监测方面提出了建议。     

景观格局特征与区域生物多样性的关系研究

景观格局决定景观的功能和生态过程,影响着景观内的物种流、信息流、能源流,从而对生物多样性产生显著作用。以鄱阳湖生态经济区为研究区域,运用SPSS 17.0和Fragstats 3.3等统计分析软件,从38个县区的景观特征中选取具有生态意义的景观指数与生物多样性进行相关分析,探讨景观格局特征与区域生物多样性的关系。结果表明,(1)景观类型水平上景观指数与生物多样性之间的关系表现不一,耕地部分指标如PLAND、NP、COHESION(0.476~(**),P0.01)与区域生物多样性指数呈正相关,耕地的景观特征与各物种大部分指标之间的相关关系呈不显著的负相关,表现出耕地景观与生物多样性具有复杂关系。区域内林地PLAND(0.439~(**),P0.01)、NP、COHESION(0.609~(**),P0.01)与区域生物多样性指数呈正相关,林地PD、LPI、AWMSI与区域生物多样性指数呈弱程度的负相关。林地景观除了跟植物的PLAND(0.655~(**),P0.01)、COHESION(0.729~(**),P0.01)呈极显著正相关外,与其他多数指标呈负相关。湿地景观大部分指标与区域生物多样性指数呈显著正相关。(2)景观水平上景观指数与生物多样性之间的相关性分析结果表明,区域的景观特征除MPS与区域生物多样性指数呈负相关外,其他景观指标都与区域生物多样性呈正相关,其中TA、NP、LSI、SHDI与区域生物多样性关系较为显著,说明景观的面积大小、数量、形状、多样性对生物多样性和各种生物过程都有较大影响。区域景观特征与生物多样性具有较好的相关性,关系较为复杂。区域内的湿地景观、林地景观是区域生物种的主要栖息场所,同时,作为产粮主产区,耕地景观的影响也不容忽视。因此,保护区域内的湿地、林地、耕地景观对于维持区域生物多样性具有重要作用。该研究对区域内生物多样性的保护和管理具有一定的理论指导意义。     

加强国家生物多样性数据管理和信息交流能力建设

我国现已收集整理了覆盖全国的各类生物多样性数据和信息，但生物多样性数据管理的技术水平和质量较低，信息交流的技术手段和机制尚不理想，数据管理和信息交流的整体能力建设还相当薄弱。在评述目前我国生物多样性数据管理和信息交流现状的基础上，提出加强我国生物多样性数据管理和信息交流的具体行动措施，即建立新型的国家生物多样性信息系统组织机构体系，建立电子网络化的生物多样性信息系统，建立信息共享机制，优先协调、完善和开发一批数据库，制定基础数据管理标准。     

生物多样性评估政策工具集成平台研究

构建与生物多样性评估相关的政策工具,对于加强生物多样性评估与监管工作、提高生物多样性保护相关的决策制定具有重要作用,但目前仍然缺乏生物多样性评估方面的政策工具。为此,该研究在综合国内外生态环境保护先进理念、政策工具和方法的基础上,通过分析生物多样性评估与政策制定的相互关系,研发了可将各层次生物多样性保护目标纳入区域和行业发展规划与决策制定中的生物多样性评估政策工具集成平台。平台从整体架构上包括4个子系统,分别是政策介绍、政策设计、政策进展和政策效果。利用该平台用户可以实现生物多样性评估指标体系管理、政策设计、政策进展评估以及评估结果输出等核心功能。在实践应用上,选择江苏省为代表性案例区,验证生物多样性评估政策工具在多层次生物多样性保护目标设计中的适用性和可行性。     

基于森林资源清查数据的区域生物多样性评价方法:以北京市为例

随着人类活动影响的加剧,生物多样性急剧丧失,如何遏制生物多样性的持续下降成为可持续发展所面临的严峻挑战,实际工作中迫切需要准确而快速地对区域生物多样性进行评估。以森林资源清查数据为基础,构建一套区域尺度陆地生物多样性的评价指标体系,并以北京市为案例区进行评价。依据生物多样性的评价结果,坚持连续性和完整性原则,以小班为单元,以高分辨率遥感影像为辅助,人工识别得到8个生物多样性热点区。热点区面积共计约3 791 km2,约占北京市国土面积的23%,全部位于北部和西部山区。结果表明,评价结果较好地反映了北京市生物多样性状况,所识别的热点区与物种调查结果相吻合,也涵盖了现有自然保护区。同时利用现有保护地和遥感影像,识别生物多样性空缺区和生态廊道的潜在分布区,形成生物多样性一张图。该方法简单成熟,无需复杂的专业背景,所用数据为各地基础调查数据,可为区域尺度的生物多样性评估,特别是缺乏生物多样性专业人才和物种调查数据的区域提供方法借鉴,在生物多样性保护工作中具有实际应用意义;同时以小班为单元的划界方法解决了一般规划落实难的问题,也可为政府部门的决策提供依据。     

人类活动对上海市生物多样性空间格局的影响

为了揭示人类活动对城市化地区生物多样性空间格局的影响及其景观生态学机制,文章将上海市作为研究对象,选择3个人类活动指标、3个主要类型生态系统的4个景观特征指标与8个生物多样性指标,探讨人类活动强度、野生动植物生境景观特征及生物多样性三者之间的相互关系。结果显示,人口增长和城市扩张对上海市生物多样性的空间格局产生了显著影响。在上海地区,人口密度较高、交通较为发达的区域,湿地和农田的景观连续性较低,生物多样性也较低,外来入侵物种丰度较高。这表明在快速城市化过程中,人类活动通过改变野生动植物栖息地景观质量来对区域生物多样性产生影响。本研究还显示,经济发展并非一定对生物多样性具有负面影响。因此,在保持经济发展的同时,通过优化产业结构与加强生物多样性管理,可实现对生物多样性有效保护。     

《保护人类赖以生存的生命系统:〈生物多样性公约〉回顾与展望》简介

20世纪80年代以来,生物多样性逐渐成为全球环境保护的热点问题之一,国际社会于1992年制定了《生物多样性公约》(以下简称《公约》)。《公约》生效以来,强化了对全球生物多样性的保护和管理,提高了人们的生物多样性保护意识。     

2010年生物多样性目标:指标与进展

针对全球生物多样性急剧下降的态势,2002年<生物多样性公约>缔约方大会通过了2010年生物多样性目标,即"到2010年大幅度降低全球、区域和国家的生物多样性丧失速度".文章分析了2010年生物多样性目标的产生背景和主要内容,讨论了2010年目标评估指标,阐述了全球和国家层次的2010年目标实施进展.最后,展望了2020年生物多样性目标及其战略重点、实施支持机制.     

Monitoring of Biological Diversity: a Common-Ground Approach

Abstract:  Practical approaches to monitoring biological diversity vary widely among countries, and the accumulating data are frequently not generalizable at the international scale. Although many present monitoring schemes, especially in developed countries, produce highly complex data, there is often a lack of basic data about the level and spatial distribution of biodiversity. We augmented the general framework for improving biomonitoring, proposed by Green et al. (2005) , and identified its core tasks and attributes. The first priority for a more unified biodiversity monitoring is to agree on a minimum set of core tasks and attributes, which will make it possible to build a standardized biomonitoring system even in countries with few resources. Our scheme has two main organizational levels—taxa and ecosystems. The basic elements of the biomonitoring system proposed are recording of presence and absence of taxa and ecosystems in a target area, mapping of their distribution in space, and assessment of their status. All the elements have to be repeated over time. Although these tasks are fundamental, they are frequently not considered in currently functioning biomonitoring programs. The whole system has to be hierarchical and additive: if more resources are available, new activities may be added to the basic routine. Agreeing on a common standard will facilitate aggregating measures of biodiversity status and trends into regional and global indices. This information will relate directly to several Convention on Biological Diversity indicators for assessing progress toward the 2010 Biodiversity Target.     

Ecological Benefits of the Conservation Reserve Program

The Conservation Reserve Program was initiated in 1985 to reduce soil loss on highly erodible agricultural land. This stated objective of the program has been quite successful. However, there are other unintentional yet significant ecological benefits to the program that merit evaluation. These benefits include the reversal of landscape fragmentation, maintenance of regional biodiversity, creation of wildlife habitat, and favorable changes in regional carbon flux. These and other benefits should be used by policy makers and federal officials to maintain the program even after enrollment expectations have been achieved.     

A Freshwater Classification Approach for Biodiversity Conservation Planning

Abstract:  Freshwater biodiversity is highly endangered and faces increasing threats worldwide. To be complete, regional plans that identify critical areas for conservation must capture representative components of freshwater biodiversity as well as rare and endangered species. We present a spatially hierarchical approach to classify freshwater systems to create a coarse filter to capture representative freshwater biodiversity in regional conservation plans. The classification framework has four levels that we described using abiotic factors within a zoogeographic context and mapped in a geographic information system. Methods to classify and map units are flexible and can be automated where high-quality spatial data exist, or can be manually developed where such data are not available. Products include a spatially comprehensive inventory of mapped and classified units that can be used remotely to characterize regional patterns of aquatic ecosystems. We provide examples of classification procedures in data-rich and data-poor regions from the Columbia River Basin in the Pacific Northwest of North America and the upper Paraguay River in central South America. The approach, which has been applied in North, Central, and South America, provides a relatively rapid and pragmatic way to account for representative freshwater biodiversity at scales appropriate to regional assessments.     

重要生态功能区典型生态服务及其评估指标体系的构建

科学评估重要生态功能区的生态服务是管理者制定相关政策的基础,对促进重要生态功能区维护区域生态安全、支撑经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义。依据生态服务的空间转移特性,探索提出了重要生态功能区典型生态服务的概念与内涵,并在此基础上综合运用频度分析法、专家咨询法和层次分析法,构建了重要生态功能区水源涵养、土壤保持、防风固沙、生物多样性保护和洪水调蓄等典型生态服务的评估指标体系。结果表明：在指标体系中,影响水源涵养服务的主要是土壤质地和降水量;影响土壤保持服务的主要是植被覆盖度和丰富度指数;影响防风固沙服务的主要是植被覆盖度和大风时速;影响生物多样性服务的主要是植被景观多样性指数;影响洪水调蓄服务的主要是湿地容积和降水量。土壤、植被、地形和气候等生态因子是重要生态功能区典型生态服务产生与发挥的重要基础。     

Effects of Pond Draining on Biodiversity and Water Quality of Farm Ponds

Farm ponds have high conservation value because they contribute significantly to regional biodiversity and ecosystem services. In Japan pond draining is a traditional management method that is widely believed to improve water quality and eradicate invasive fish. In addition, fishing by means of pond draining has significant cultural value for local people, serving as a social event. However, there is a widespread belief that pond draining reduces freshwater biodiversity through the extirpation of aquatic animals, but scientific evaluation of the effectiveness of pond draining is lacking. We conducted a large‐scale field study to evaluate the effects of pond draining on invasive animal control, water quality, and aquatic biodiversity relative to different pond‐management practices, pond physicochemistry, and surrounding land use. The results of boosted regression‐tree models and analyses of similarity showed that pond draining had little effect on invasive fish control, water quality, or aquatic biodiversity. Draining even facilitated the colonization of farm ponds by invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), which in turn may have detrimental effects on the biodiversity and water quality of farm ponds. Our results highlight the need for reconsidering current pond management and developing management plans with respect to multifunctionality of such ponds. Efectos del Drenado de Estanques sobre la Biodiversidad y la Calidad del Agua en Estanques de Cultivo     

Traditional agriculture in transition: a case of Har-ki Doon Valley (Govind Pashu Vihar Sanctuary and National Park) in Central Himalaya

Traditional crop diversity and landraces in agricultural land use in Himalaya have great significant for long-term sustainability of agroecosystems, together with conservation and management of the surrounding landscape. Traditional crop varieties and races, which evolved over time through trial and error, not only provide basic nutritional requirements, but also food security. Loss of crop biodiversity has taken place over recent years, principally and inadvertently related to changing lifestyle, growing demand for cash crops in regional markets and burgeoning apple farming, whose acreage has increased with a concomitant decline in area under traditional crops. For sustainable landscape development, on-farm conservation of traditional crop diversity is urgently needed. An empirical study was done to understand the causes and consequences of declines in crop biodiversity and production, effect of apple farming on traditional crops and changing lifestyles of traditional people.     

安徽省萧县皇藏峪自然保护区评价研究

选取自然性、多样性、代表性、稀有性、生态脆弱性、面积适宜性、人类威胁等指标对安徽萧县皇藏峪自然保护区进行评价。通过评价指标的等级化处理、评价指标权重的确定，计算出了皇藏峪自然保护区的综合评价指数（０７１），据此说明皇藏峪自然保护区的生态质量较好。文中还分析了皇藏峪自然保护区目前所面临的问题，提出了相应的建议。     

How should regional biodiversity be monitored?

We consider quantification of biodiversity in the context of targets set by the Convention on Biological Diversity. Implicit in such targets is a requirement to monitor biodiversity at a regional level. Few monitoring schemes are designed with these targets in mind. Monitored sites are typically not selected to be representative of a wider region, and measures of biodiversity are often biased by a failure to account for varying detectability among species and across time. Precision is often not adequately quantified. We review methods for quantifying the biodiversity of regions, consider issues that should be addressed in designing and evaluating a regional monitoring scheme, and offer a practical guide to what types of survey are appropriate for addressing different objectives for biodiversity monitoring.