重庆市农业自然生产潜力研究：Ⅱ计算结果分析

利用第Ⅰ部分得出的模型,我们计算了重庆市12个县的潜力。全市各地光合潜力多在1500kg/亩左右,变化较小,最大值是江北县的1616kg/亩,最小为巴县的1461kg/亩;光温潜力均在1200kg/亩以上,其中江北、永川、璧山县分别达到1310kg/亩,1309kg/亩,     

“双杂”间作稻在开发冬水田中的效果

四川省中稻→冬水田近2000万亩,集中分布于盆地丘陵区,资源丰富。为发挥它的增产潜力,将中稻改为“双杂”间作稻,增产极显著。其中威优49间汕优63,双行间作,早稻科距8cm、窄行15cm、宽行49cm 中嵌插2行晚稻的小区,亩产728.0～776.9kg,比同田毗邻的汕优63中稻增产31.4%～45.0%,增加纯收入56.46元,为丘陵区中稻→冬水田的合理利用开辟了一条很好的途径。     

开发攀西地区商品农业基地

一、建设商品农业基地的有利条件1.气候独特,光热资源丰富,南部河谷地区是我省唯一具有南亚热带热量特点的地区。区内海拔1800m 以下的河谷平坝、山间盆地和二半山地带,光热条件好,冬春气温高。大部分地区年均温15～20℃,≥10℃的活动积温4250～6500℃,南部河谷一带高达6500～7400℃;年日照时数2000～2600小     

直播稻田渗漏水磷素动态变化及渗漏流失潜力研究

通过田间实验,对太湖流域丹阳地区直播水稻田不同施磷水平下渗漏水磷素动态变化特征及流失潜力进行了研究。结果表明,施磷能明显提高地下60cm以上深度土层渗漏水磷的含量。各土层渗漏液总磷浓度随土层深度的增加呈下降趋势。随着施磷量的增加,稻田渗漏水磷素含量也会随之增加。土壤磷素发生渗漏流失的土壤表层Olsen-P含量的"突变点"change-Point为25.17 mg/kg。当土壤中的Olsen-P浓度小于25.17mg/kg时,20～40cm土层渗漏水中TP浓度基本上不随土壤Olsen-P浓度的变化而变化,但当土壤中Olsen-P大于25.17mg/kg时,20～40cm土层渗漏水中TP浓度会大量增加,且土壤中的Olsen-P每增加10 mg/kg,渗漏水TP将增加0.21 mg/L。稻田当季累计土壤磷素渗漏流失负荷为1.02 kg/ha,占当季施磷量的2.80%。     

西宁市后备土地资源评价及其开发对策

1后备土地资源现状西宁市后备土地资源量大、类型多样、分布集中。全市后备土地资源主要分布在大通县、城北区和城西区,总面积约5.5万ha（据1992年土地祥查数据）,占全市总土地面积的16％,其中荒草地2．9万ha,占后备土地资源的521％;探岩砾石地2万ha,占36．2％;田坎62863ha,占11．4％;裸土地976ha,占0．2％;沼泽地28．6ha,占of％;沙地1．3ha,盐碱地0．7ha。2后备土地资源评价参照联合国粮农组织（FAO）土地评价’大纲,我们对西宁市后备土地资源进行了土地生产潜力评价,结果表明：西宁市后备土地资源为3～8级,其中3级地1…     

保氮增效剂调节氮肥施用量和利用率的研究 Ⅱ.保氮增效剂在小麦生产中的应用效果

利用田间试验研究了氮肥与保氮增效剂共施的效应函数和保氮增效剂促进小麦省肥增产的比较效果。同的供氮水平,保氮增效剂均能改善小麦植株经济性状,促进籽粒增产,提高氮肥报酬和施肥利润。保氮增效剂用量为氮肥实物量的5%作小麦基肥,旱地增产45～52.5kg/亩,稻田增产54.5～74.5kg/亩,氮肥报酬提高41.4～68.6%。     

徐州煤矿塌陷地的开发利用

塌陷地开发利用现状:馀州煤田位于苏、鲁、豫、皖四省结合部的江苏铜山县境内,含煤面积360km~2。由于长期大量开采煤炭,造成了该区大面积农田和村庄的塌陷,带来了社会、经济、生态等方面的严重问题。到1990年5月底,塌陷面积达9866.7ha,并仍以400～600ha/a 的速度在增加;因此,塌陷地的开发和利用刻不容缓。近几年,各地因地制宜地对部分塌陷地进行了不同程度的开发利用。据1988年统计,总改造面积已达2607.3ha,占总塌陷地的28.6%。其中已用作农田的面积1431ha,占塌陷总面积的15.7%,为已改造利用总面积的54.9%;用作浅水藕的面积146.1ha,占已改造利用总面积的     

有机肥对小麦增产作用的研究

本文报导了在太湖流域的3个不同地点进行为期4年、重夏6次、184个处理的试验。结果表明,增施有机肥出叶速度快。植株生长量大。发蘖早,分蘖多,光合作用强,增加了物质积累,灌浆强度大,因穗多、粒多、粒重而增产。在使用225kg/ha纯氮的条件下,至少搭配25％～37.5％的有机氮,并做到两头促、中间补是小麦高产稳产的施肥技术。     

桦南县后备土地资源开发利用探讨

1后备土地资源特点排南县位于黑龙江省东北部，佳木斯市南部，属三江平原第五区，地理位置为北纬45°57′～46°37′，东经129°55′～131°16′。全县幅员总面积4415．60km2，总人口42．6万人，共辖19个乡镇。根据1989年土地详查资料统计，全县共有荒地8953ha、荒山2640ha、荒水1207ha、荒草地9067ha、荒滩693ha，共占全县总面积的5.1％。桦南县后备土地资源的主要特点是：①数量少，分布散。该县后备土地资源低于全省平均值的10．4％，且基本上是一些零星的小面积土地，集中连片和大面积的土地基本没有。②质量较好，开发潜力大。该县气候…     

水田生态农业优化模式及其效益分析

一、问题提出在四川盆地,水田经济生态系统具有丰富的光、热、水和劳动力资源,田块水、肥、土条件也比同源旱地优越。但是,水田经济生态系统在田面保持均一水层的特点,也确实程度不同地存在光肥不平衡,水热矛盾突出,系统生产潜力难于充分发挥的一系列问题,致使低产冬水田的面积在许多地区仍高达1/3以上。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.