复合塘-湿地系统水生植物时空分布对氮磷去除的影响

利用复合生态塘-湿地处理系统水生植物时空格局异质性,研究了水生植物分布对氮、磷去除影响.结果表明,水生植物种类和数量的分布差异导致各单元氮、磷去除呈现不同的周期变化;水生植物主要通过改变硝化/反硝化进程、自身代谢和化学沉降速率影响NH3、NOx-、有机氮和总磷的去除.系统不同单元中氮、磷去除机制差异决定了NH3和总磷主要在曝气养鱼塘(去除率分别为29.5%、30.1%)、鱼塘(16.9%、17.8%)和水生植物塘(24.5%、19.4%)去除;NOx-主要在芦苇湿地(出水<0.4 mg/L)去除;而有机氮则主要在复合兼性塘(32.3%)和鱼塘(28.1%)去除.此外,生态塘出水中水生植物绝大部分被芦苇湿地所截滤,它们的腐败/释放导致湿地中NH3和总磷的表观去除率偏低(分别小于8.5%和11.5%).     

稳定塘处理污水的机理研究及应用研究进展

稳定塘污水处理系统具有基建投资和运转费用低、维护和维修简单、便于操作、能有效去除污水中的有机物、无需污泥处理等优点,近年来越来越受到人们的重视,其净化过程与自然水体的自净过程相似。本文总结了稳定塘中有机物、氮和磷的去除机理,有机物的去除一般包括沉淀和絮凝、厌氧微生物的作用、好氧微生物的作用、浮游生物的作用和水生植物的作用,氮在稳定塘内的去除,主要是通过生物同化吸收转化为自身有机氮、氨氮的吹脱作用、形成生物沉淀以及硝化/反硝化等几种途径,磷元素去除涉及有机磷在微生物作用下分解氧化,菌藻及其他生物吸收无机磷合成新细胞,以及可溶性磷与不可溶性磷之间的转化等多种机制的共同作用。针对传统稳定塘中存在的缺陷,人们不断地对稳定塘进行改良,出现了许多新型塘,其中包括高效藻类塘、水生植物塘和养殖塘、高效复合厌氧塘、超深厌氧塘、生物滤塘等塘型。为了提高污水的处理效率,研究人员还开发了许多组合塘的工艺,与传统生物法组合的UNITANK工艺+生物稳定塘、水解酸化+稳定塘工艺和折流式曝气生物滤池+稳定塘工艺等,各类塘型组合的多级串联塘系统、生态综合塘系统、高级综合塘系统(AIPS)等。目前稳定塘处污水理系统还依然存在占地面积大、水力停留时间较长、效率低下、散发臭味、处理效果受气候条件影响大等缺陷。今后应该在稳定塘系统的研究中,以菌、藻的活动为主体,以主要营养元素C、N、P的迁移为线索,建立系统内各种生物、化学反应之间的联系,通过减小塘深、机械搅拌、跌水坡等方法改善供氧条件,对天然塘型进行精确修整、分隔组合,使之更加符合高效反应器的构造,从而提高稳定塘设计的合理性。加入人造载体提高塘内微生物浓度,从而大大提高有机负荷,有效减少占地面积,组合沉淀池、间歇砂滤、砾石滤墙、微滤、气浮、土地处理、人工湿地系统、加入化学药剂等处理工艺或方法,以去除出水中的藻类,改善环境卫生条件,满足不同出水水质的要求,从而为国内稳定塘技术的进一步改进提供科学依据。     

不同水生植物对滇池入湖河道污水净化效能的比较

有关水生植物净化污水的研究已有广泛报道,但现有成果多来源于静态的室内研究,所用植物多为生活型接近的物种.为了比较不同生活型植物对河道污水的原位净化效果差异,构建了由水芹菜(Oenanthe javavdnica)、马尾草(Equisetum flu-viatile)、伊乐藻(Elodea Canadensis Michx.)和狐尾藻(Myriophyllum verticillatum L.)等4种不同生活型水生植物组成的水生植物塘系统,研究塘中不同植物对滇池入湖河道污水中氮、磷等指标去除效能的差异.结果表明:4种植物都具有一定的抗水力冲击负荷能力,能适应河道污水水质和水量均不稳定的动态变化特征,并对污水中CODCr、NH3-N、NO3-N、TN和TP等指标均有去除作用;但各种植物对不同指标的去除能力有较大差异,其中浮水植物水芹菜和沉水植物狐尾藻综合净化效能较强.整个植物塘系统对CODCr的去除率最高,达到41.4%;而对NO3-N的去除率最低,只有5.7%.研究成果对滇池人湖河流及其它类似污染水体的生态治理具有示范作用.     

水生维管束植物在水污染中的应用

随着水污染的加剧，高效低耗的水污染处理技术逐渐受到人们的重视，水生维管束植物以其特有的组织和生态功能及易于人工操纵等原因而在净化水体污染、防治富营养化方面发挥了重要的作用。文章对水生维管束植物在水质净化中的作用、影响因素、水生植物的综合利用及其在水污染监测中的作用等方面进行了系统分析，提出多种植物组合比单种植物能更好地实现对水体的净化，通过温度、水深的调控措施可以加强水生维管束植物对水质的净化效果，温度、水深、水质状况以及水生植物的经济价值等是水生植物选择的重要因素。指出了当前水生维管束植物研究中存在的一些问题，认为在人为操纵下，对于水生植物的长效管理是其在水污染应用中的一个重要内容。     

植物化感作用抑制藻类生长的研究进展

有效控制水华,治理富营养化水体是目前环境领域的研究热点和前沿。植物化感作用抑藻作为一种新型的生物抑藻技术已备受关注。多种生活类型的水生植物对藻类均有化感抑制作用,现已从一些水生植物中分离得到具有抑藻活性的化感物质,并对其抑藻特性和机理开展了一定研究。文章对化感作用的概念、水生植物对藻类的化感抑制作用、水生植物中化感物质的分离鉴定及其抑藻特性以及化感作用抑藻机理等进行了较系统的论述。还对今后植物化感作用抑藻技术的研究方向进行了展望,提出应多学科结合,对化感物质对不同藻类的影响及其选择性抑制机理做更深入的研究。     

北方地区氧化塘设计问题探讨

本文针对北方地区气候寒冷这一特点,探讨了在设计氧化塘工艺流程时应注意的几个问题,并对厌氧塘、兼性塘进出口、塘的几何形状及长宽比的设计、综合利用等问题提出了看法。     

太湖地区两种典型水产养殖系统CH_4排放研究

水产养殖系统是大气CH4重要的人为源,位于中国东南部的太湖地区是水产养殖最活跃的地区之一,但CH4排放原位监测数据比较缺乏,对水产养殖系统温室气体排放进行原位观测,有助于降低当前湿地生态系统温室气体排放估算的不确定性,可为进一步准确估算全球温室气体排放清单提供数据支撑和依据。为了比较太湖地区两种典型水产养殖系统CH4排放规律,探明其影响因素,以混养鱼塘和蟹塘两种具有代表性的水产养殖系统为研究对象,于2016年3月—2017年3月采用漂浮箱(淹水期)和静态箱(排水期)结合气相色谱法监测其CH4排放通量。结果表明,水产养殖系统中CH4排放主要集中在淹水时期,其排放通量与沉积物温度(t)、沉积物溶解有机碳(DOC)和水体溶解氧浓度(DO)呈显著相关(P0.05)。混养鱼塘和蟹塘CH_4累积排放量分别为64.4 kg·hm~(-2)和51.6 kg·hm~(-2),差异显著(P0.05)。水生植物(伊乐藻Elodea nattalii)显著影响蟹塘CH_4排放,有水生植物覆盖区域CH4排放量较无水生植物覆盖区域高14%(P0.05)。与混养鱼塘相比,蟹塘单位收入的甲烷排放所引起净温室效应(NEB-scale·GWP-CH_4)提高了80%,达到显著水平(P0.05)。以上结果表明,在评估区域温室气体排放清单时应考虑水产养殖池塘的类型。     

于桥水库中大型水生植物的作用及管理

本文论述了于桥水库大型水生植物的现状、作用、管理和保护对策及管理和利用中存在的问题.建议:不要盲目地在库中投放大量草鱼; 6月份以前应对大型水生植物实施保护性措施; 8月初开始应尽量多地收割和捞出大型水生植物.同时应加强6～7月份库中大型水生植物管理方案的研究和大型水生植物二次利用的研究.     

通波塘水量水质一维动态模拟及水环境容量

本文在研究通波塘水文特征和水质特征的基础上,推导出通用性较好的一维动态水量水质数学模型。该模型基本反映了通波塘水量水质的时变情况。文章对通波塘水环境容量作了计算,并提出了改善水质的建议。     

基于水生植物对污染物的清除及其应用研究

随着经济的发展、工农业废水的排放,水体被大量污染.通过水生植物对氮、磷,重金属及有毒有机物等各类污染物的清除作用的了解.对水生植物在废水处理和湖泊治理方面提出了相应的建议.参4.     

Environmental impacts of two kind of ponds for shrimp production at Northwest Mexico

Aquaculture offers a major opportunity for the economic development of Baja California Sur (BCS), Mexico. The severely limited freshwater supply and the geographic isolation of the state place limits on other productive activities. Despite the aridity, the natural vegetation of BCS is diverse and structurally complex with a high percentage (20%) of endemic species. In this work we compare the environmental impacts produced by two kinds of aquaculture systems: coastal ponds vs. inland ponds. Construction and operation of coastal ponds does not require destruction of the natural vegetation and, as is true for inland ponds. Coastal ponds are also compatible with conservation of mangroves, sea grasses and sensitive habitats for fish and mollusks. To reduce the negative impacts of aquaculture and to protect the vegetation of Baja California Sur, we recommend the use of coastal ponds for shrimp production.     

Zooplankton community resilience after press-type anthropogenic stress in temporary ponds.

Temporary ponds are physically disturbed environments that fluctuate on seasonal and interannual scales. These ecosystems are also susceptible to anthropogenic perturbation such as contamination inputs. However, the interactive effects of natural disturbance and anthropogenic stress on ecosystem processes and community dynamics have hardly been assessed in these ecosystem types. We used a multiple before-after control-impact (MBACI) design to study zooplankton community recovery from low and high inputs of a fire retardant in artificially constructed ponds over three hydroperiods. The retardant caused a decline in species richness and an increase in rotifers during summer and winter months relative to controls and pretreatment dates, and the duration of these changes varied among retardant treatments. In nonmetric, multidimensional scaling analyses the increased rotifer densities were reflected in loops that showed recurring deviations from and (upon collapse) approaches to reference conditions, while the effects of the anthropogenic stressor persisted in the ponds. The amplitudes of fluctuation followed no regular patterns; it varied with retardant treatment level and was higher in the third hydroperiod compared to the second in one of the treatments. From a temporal perspective, this non-dampened pattern suggests a new cause-effect mechanism for disturbance ecology, which we refer to as a "protracted press disturbance, roller coaster response" relationship. This model emphasizes stochastic oscillations in community composition, punctuated by periods in which the community approaches reference conditions. From the applied viewpoint, this model suggests that the accurate detection of perturbation and the implementation of sound management and restoration strategies will require intensive sampling designs that span multiple hydroperiods in persistently degraded ponds.     

A dynamic mathematical model for wastewater stabilization ponds

A dynamic mathematical model was developed to predict the effluent quality of facultative wastewater stabilization ponds. For a sound representation of sediment–water column, water column–atmosphere interactions and stratification due to variations in dissolved oxygen concentrations, a two-dimensional hydraulic model was employed considering dispersed flow and diffusion in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. Resulting partial differential equation system was solved using finite difference methods and matrix manipulation techniques. The model has been calibrated and evaluated on the basis of collected data from a full-scale facultative stabilization pond in Selçuk, Izmir. Variations of COD, NH₄-N, PO₄-P, dissolved oxygen, bacteria and algae concentrations with time and the dimensions of the pond were estimated by using the dynamic model. The model can be used for design of new stabilization ponds and also, for improving the effluent quality of existing ponds.     

Influence of fish on habitat choice of water birds: a whole system experiment

It is notoriously difficult to study population interactions among highly mobile animals that cannot be meaningfully confined to experimental plots of limited size. For example, migratory water birds are believed to suffer from competition with resident fish populations for shared food resources. While observational evidence in support of this hypothesis is accumulating, replicated experiments addressing this issue at the proper spatial scale are lacking. Here, we report from a replicated whole-system experiment in which we stocked large (0.07 km2), shallow (< or =2.5 m deep), highly eutrophic ponds in the bird protection area "Ismaninger Speichersee mit Fischteichen" with different densities of carp and assessed the responses of water birds and their food resources during summer over several years. In all years, the biomasses of benthic macroinvertebrates, macroalgae, and macrophytes as well as the densities of herbivorous, carnivorous, and omnivorous water birds were reduced in carp ponds compared to fishless ponds. The negative effects of carp on food resources and on the numbers of water birds feeding in carp ponds increased over the season (May-September) and were stronger at high than at low stocking densities of carp. Consequently, differences in resource densities between ponds with and without carp increased, and the ranking of ponds with respect to resource densities became more predictable over the season. These factors may have contributed to a seasonal improvement of the birds' abilities to track resource densities across ponds, as suggested by tight correlations of bird numbers on ponds with resource densities late, but not early, in the season.     

Suitability of Golf Course Ponds for Amphibian Metamorphosis When Bullfrogs Are Removed

Abstract:  Managing areas designed for human recreation so that they are compatible with natural amphibian populations can reduce the negative impacts of habitat destruction. We examined the potential for amphibians to complete larval development in golf course ponds in the presence or absence of overwintered bullfrog tadpoles ( Rana catesbeiana ), which are frequently found in permanent, human-made ponds. We reared larval American toads ( Bufo americanus ), southern leopard frogs ( R. sphenocephala ), and spotted salamanders ( Ambystoma maculatum ) with 0 or 5 overwintered bullfrog tadpoles in field enclosures located in ponds on golf courses or in experimental wetlands at a reference site. Survival to metamorphosis of American toads, southern leopard frogs, and spotted salamanders was greater in ponds on golf courses than at reference sites. We attributed this increased survival to low abundance of insect predators in golf course ponds. The presence of overwintered bullfrogs, however, reduced the survival of American toads, southern leopard frogs, and spotted salamanders reared in golf course ponds, indicating that the suitability of the aquatic habitats for these species partly depended on the biotic community present. Our results suggest that ponds in human recreational areas should be managed by maintaining intermediate hydroperiods, which will reduce the presence of bullfrog tadpoles and predators, such as fish, and which may allow native amphibian assemblages to flourish.     

Hydrologic connection between ponds positively affects macrophyte alpha and gamma diversity but negatively affects beta diversity

Connections between habitat patches can positively influence the number of species in respective patches, providing a basis for preferentially conserving interconnected patches. However, from a regional perspective, it is not known whether conserving multiple sets of interconnected habitat patches would include more species (i.e., show higher gamma diversity) than conserving multiple, unconnected, solitary patches. We studied aquatic macrophytes in 15 sets of unidirectionally interconnected ponds and 19 unconnected ponds and also tested whether alpha and beta diversity, expressed as the number of species and dissimilarity in species composition, respectively, differed between connected and unconnected ponds. We found that gamma diversity was higher in connected ponds than in unconnected ponds, even after controlling for surface area. This resulted from a higher alpha diversity in connected ponds, despite lower beta diversity. These results suggest that connections between habitat patches positively influence diversity at both local and regional scales. When the total surface area available for conservation is limited, interconnected habitat patches should be preferentially conserved.     

两种氧化塘数学模式的研究

本文对完全混合流模式的修正式和类Michaelis-Menton方程模式两种氧化塘数学模式进行了研究。研究结果表明,这两种模式在模型好氧塘中有很好的适用性;这两种模式中的参数的讨论对于认识有机污染物在氧化塘中的降解及其微生物与污染物的相互作用有一定意义。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in shrimp ponds and the measures for sustainable management

Six ponds of age 3 were selected 45 km north from Suzhou in the Tailake region, and research conducted on nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in P. vannanmei (Penaeus vannanme) ponds and M. nipponense (Macrobrachium nipponense) hatchery ponds under normal management. Two treatments each had three replications. The results confirmed that feed was the major path of nitrogen and phosphorus input, each accounted for 61.24% (193.81 kg ha(-1)) and 81.08% (45.20 kg ha(-1)) of the total nitrogen and phosphorus input for P. vannanme ponds; the values for M. nipponense ponds were 43.93% (86.31 kg ha(-1)) and 57.67% (14.61 kg ha(-1)), respectively. Water pumped into ponds contributed on average 83.57 kg ha(-1) nitrogen and 8.48 kg ha(-1) phosphorus for P. vannanmei ponds, and 87.48 kg ha(-1) nitrogen and 7.00 kg ha(-1) phosphorus for M. nipponense hatchery ponds. Shrimp harvest recovered 102.81 kg ha(-1) nitrogen (32.94% of the total nitrogen input) and 7.94 kg ha(-1) phosphorus (14.23% of the total phosphorus input) for P. vannanme ponds; and 43.94 kg ha(-1) nitrogen and 4.46 kg ha(-1) phosphorus for M. nipponense hatchery ponds. The sum of nitrogen losses through volatilization, denitrification and sedimentation was 173.62 and 122.39 kg ha(-1), 54.86% and 62.29% of the total nitrogen input for P. vannanme ponds and M. nipponense hatchery ponds, respectively. Sediment accumulated 41.46 and 14.63 kg ha(-1) phosphorus, 74.37% and 64.85% of the total phosphorus input for P. vannanm ponds and M. nipponense hatchery ponds. Draining and seeping caused 40.06 kg ha(-1) nitrogen (12.66% of total nitrogen input) and 6.36 kg ha(-1) phosphorus (11.40% of total phosphorus input) loss to the surrounding water from P. vannanme ponds in 114 days; 30.14 kg ha(-1) nitrogen (15.34% of the total input) and 4.45 kg ha(-1) phosphorus (17.57% of the total input) to channel water from M. nipponense hatchery ponds in 87 days, respectively. Countermeasures for sustainable pond management include improving feeds and feeding, sediment treatments, machine aerating, chemicals with no pollution, and integrated fish-shrimp cultivation. Management of water resources for pond and methods to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loading into surrounding water from drainage are elucidated.     

Effects of Pond Draining on Biodiversity and Water Quality of Farm Ponds

Farm ponds have high conservation value because they contribute significantly to regional biodiversity and ecosystem services. In Japan pond draining is a traditional management method that is widely believed to improve water quality and eradicate invasive fish. In addition, fishing by means of pond draining has significant cultural value for local people, serving as a social event. However, there is a widespread belief that pond draining reduces freshwater biodiversity through the extirpation of aquatic animals, but scientific evaluation of the effectiveness of pond draining is lacking. We conducted a large‐scale field study to evaluate the effects of pond draining on invasive animal control, water quality, and aquatic biodiversity relative to different pond‐management practices, pond physicochemistry, and surrounding land use. The results of boosted regression‐tree models and analyses of similarity showed that pond draining had little effect on invasive fish control, water quality, or aquatic biodiversity. Draining even facilitated the colonization of farm ponds by invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), which in turn may have detrimental effects on the biodiversity and water quality of farm ponds. Our results highlight the need for reconsidering current pond management and developing management plans with respect to multifunctionality of such ponds. Efectos del Drenado de Estanques sobre la Biodiversidad y la Calidad del Agua en Estanques de Cultivo     

Preliminary Evaluation of the Use of Phosphogypsum for Reef Substrate. Ii. A Study of the Effects of Phosphogypsum Exposure On Diversity and Biomass of Aquatic Organisms

The effects of cement consolidated phosphogypsum (PG) on marine organisms was investigated under natural conditions in four 1000 m² estuarine ponds. Two ponds were seeded with 160 kg of PG arranged in aggregations of blocks and two ponds received similar mass of sand/cement blocks. Meiofauna were sampled quarterly and PG did not affect total meiofauna or major taxa (nematodes and copepods) density. Abundant species of copepods either were slightly increased in ponds with PG or were inconsistently affected.

All ponds were drained after one year. Three species of macroinvertebrates and 15 species of fishes were collected. Diversity indices showed modest but inconsistent variation among ponds. Only Pond 1 (control) and Pond 4 (experimental) had similar species abundances and all ponds showed unique distributions of biomasses among species. Thus, no differences in community structure attributable to the presence of PG could be detected among benthic invertebrates, natant invertebrates, or fishes.