我国城市的柴油车污染及防治对策探讨

当今城市大气污染物中60％--70％来自机动车的排放，而其中很大部分是柴油车的排放。作者对柴油车在城市生活中的重要地位、对在用柴油车的技术改造措施和城市环境保护的其他举措进行了研究探讨，提出了一些具体方案。     

河南省在用柴油车加载减速烟度排放限值研究

随着车辆技术进步和燃油品质提升,河南省在用柴油车加载减速污染物现行排放限值已不能对高排放车辆进行有效监控。依据《确定压燃式发动机在用汽车加载减速法排气烟度排放限值的原则和方法》(HJ/T 241—2005),采用相对光吸收系数与累积频率法,对9 458份在用柴油车检测数据进行统计分析,提出符合河南省的在用柴油车排放限值。建议河南省在用国三、国四、国五轻型柴油车尾气光吸收系数限值分别为0.98、0.89、0.76m~(-1),而相应重型柴油车尾气光吸收系数限值分别为0.66、0.62、0.48m~(-1);依据该限值,河南省在用柴油车的年检合格率控制在82.6%,高排放柴油车比例为17.4%,符合HJ/T 241—2005的要求。     

不同负载条件下国Ⅱ重型柴油货车的实际道路排放特征

重型柴油车排放已经成为中国城市与区域大气污染的重要来源。为研究负载条件对重型柴油车实际道路排放的影响,利用车载排放测试(PEMS)方法对2辆国Ⅱ重型柴油货车开展实际道路排放测试,分析不同负载(空载、半载和满载)条件下的尾气污染物排放特征。基于机动车比功率(VSP)方法分析了不同速度区间的气态污染物(NOx、CO和总碳氢化合物(THC))排放特征,同时通过滤膜采样方法对尾气PM2.5及其碳质组分(有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC))进行了定量分析。结果显示,2辆国Ⅱ重型柴油货车气态污染物排放因子与负载呈现显著的正相关关系,半载和满载时NOx、CO和THC排放因子相对于空载分别升高18%～41%、6%～67%、37%～125%。但2辆重型柴油货车的PM2.5排放因子并未随负载增加而呈现相同的变化规律。在PM2.5中碳质组分排放约占61%～97%(质量分数),其中EC排放因子随负载的增加而增大。     

基于实际道路测试的重型柴油车排放评估方法研究

为分析重型柴油车实际道路测试情况下污染物的排放评估方法,选取了4辆国六重型柴油车进行实际道路排放试验。试验结果表明,现行《重型柴油车污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国第六阶段)》(GB 17691—2018)采用的功基窗口法在计算过程中剔除了大量发动机处于低功率段时氮氧化物(NO_x)高比排放区域数据,大幅低估了重型柴油车在实际道路工况下的NO_x排放量,不能充分反映车辆实际道路排放水平,应进一步修改完善,建议后续标准修订时,去除法规中功率阈值最小10%的限制,采用全窗口的90%分位值来表征车辆的排放水平,或通过行程时间占比加权值法计算污染物比排放。     

基于实际道路测试的大型客车排放特征研究

应用车载排放测试系统(PEMS)对天津市4辆大型客车(国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ柴油车和国Ⅴ液化天然气车)进行了实际道路尾气排放测试。结果表明,3辆柴油车CO、NOx、总碳氢化合物(THC)和颗粒物(PM)的平均排放因子分别为3.435、6.431、0.131、0.324g/km,天然气车CO、NOx、THC和PM的排放因子分别为1.240、17.451、6.535、0.003g/km。总体看来,3辆柴油车的污染物排放速率随着排放标准的提高而降低,与其相比,天然气车的CO和PM排放速率相对较低,而NOx和THC排放速率较高;4辆大型客车各污染物排放速率在加速工况下排放速率最高,怠速工况下排放速率最低。随着国Ⅳ柴油车行驶速度从0~20km/h提高到80~100km/h,尾气温度逐渐上升,选择性催化还原装置对NOx的削减率可从41.8%升高到64.5%。     

重型国六在用柴油车劣化排放特性研究

基于车载排放测试(PEMS)和加载减速法(Lugdown)测试对一辆采用废气再循环(EGR)结合选择性催化还原(SCR)+催化氧化器(DOC)+颗粒捕集器(DPF)技术路线的国六在用柴油车进行部件劣化模拟排放研究。结果表明：EGR或SCR劣化后氮氧化物(NO_x)排放均明显恶化,DPF劣化后粒子数量(PN)排放明显升高,任一部件的劣化都无法达到国六排放水平。PEMS对劣化后排放最敏感,总通过率仅为28.6%,Lugdown测试的总通过率高达100.0%,而车载诊断系统(OBD)检查只有在载体泄露时未能有效识别并报出故障,总通过率为42.9%。可见,Lugdown测试已难以对重型国六在用柴油车进行有效的排放监督。     

基于国Ⅵ标准的重型柴油车气态污染物排放控制技术

基于车载尾气检测设备(portable emission measurement system,PEMS),研究了国Ⅵ重型车气态污染物的排放特征;基于单位燃油消耗排放因子、单位行驶里程排放因子、单位时间排放因子,分析了NO_x、HC、CO污染物随路况的变化规律。实验结果表明,NO_x、HC、CO气态污染物较国V重型柴油车下降幅度较大,3种气态污染物分别下降88%、98%、62.7%。采用功基窗口法对数据进行整理分析,NO_x测量结果为460 mg·(kWh)~(-1),CO测量结果为192 mg·(kWh)~(-1),HC测量结果为37.5 mg·(kWh)~(-1),该重型柴油车可以满足国Ⅵ车载法规的要求。研究结果可为国Ⅵ重型车排放标准制定及其在环境污染控制领域的应用提供参考。     

柴油车尾气碳烟颗粒物催化燃烧催化剂的最新研究进展

柴油车尾气排放的碳烟颗粒已经引起了严重的环境污染问题,必须加以净化处理.柴油车碳烟颗粒的低温燃烧离不开高活性的催化剂.针对柴油车排放的碳烟颗粒物后处理方法中的催化氧化技术,总结了近年来几种主要类型的碳烟燃烧催化剂(贵金属催化剂、碱金属催化剂、单组分过渡金属氧化物催化剂、多组分混合氧化物催化剂和固定结构复合氧化物催化剂)的最新研究进展,并对该研究方向存在的主要问题和应用前景进行了探讨.     

基于MOVES的轻型车颗粒物排放来源和特征分析

利用实测数据对MOVES模型进行本地化修正,测算了轻型车颗粒物的排放来源以及粒径、组分构成特征。分析结果表明,全部颗粒物中,轻型汽油车的非尾气排放PM10所占比例为72.70%,PM2.5为42.64%;轻型柴油车非尾气排放PM10所占比例为40.78%,PM2.5为15.41%。2种燃油车辆的尾气排放颗粒物主要来源于尾气管排放,粒径集中在0~2.5μm;而非尾气排放颗粒物主要来源于刹车磨损,粒径集中在2.5~10μm。轻型汽油车的尾气排放颗粒物主要组分为有机碳,轻型柴油车则为元素碳和有机碳。进一步分析不同速度下颗粒物排放变化发现:轻型车非尾气排放颗粒物随行驶速度的增大而降低,而尾气排放颗粒物则随速度的增大先降低后升高;非尾气排放颗粒物占全部颗粒物比例随速度的增大先升高再降低;全部颗粒物中PM2.5的比例则随速度的增大先降低后升高。     

关中地区机动车颗粒物排放清单

利用本地化修正的MOVES模型模拟确定了关中地区不同类型车辆的颗粒物排放因子,结合实地调研的保有量和行驶里程数据测算了该地区的机动车颗粒物年排放总量并从季节、城市、车型和燃油等多个角度详细分析了颗粒物的排放分担率。结果表明:关中地区2012年的机动车颗粒物排放总量分别为PM_(2.5)4.06×1O~3 t,PM_(10)5.52×10_3 t;关中五市一区中西安市的颗粒物排放量最高PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)。排放分別占到该地区的46.53%和48.39%;不同类型车辆中重型货车的排放分担率最高其次为中型货车二者之和占到颗粒物总排放的50%以上;不同燃油车辆中,柴油车的排放分担率远远高于汽油车,是颗粒物的主要贡献者;因此中型和重型柴油货车是关中地区控制颗粒物排放污染的重点车型。     

柴油机排放颗粒物净化技术研究进展

柴油机被认为是城市大气微粒的主要污染源。柴油机颗粒物组成复杂并且颗粒粒径甚小,大都属于亚微米级粒子和纳米级粒子。因而柴油机颗粒物对人类健康和大气环境的影响受到世人的广泛关注。本文主要对柴油机排放颗粒物的生成机理、化学组成及危害、物理性质、检测方法和净化技术等方面进行综述与探讨。     

柴油车排气后处理装置PDPF的试验研究

介绍了一种用于柴油车排气后处理的PDPF的结构和工作原理。通过对比试验考察了PDPF的性能，包括ETC试验、全负荷烟度试验、自由加速烟度试验以及总功率检测。带PDPF与不带PDPF相比，PDPF对ETC排气中PM的降低效率达57.5%；对全负荷的滤纸式烟度和不透光烟度影响不大；使自由加速烟度有所下降；对发动机的动力性和经济性几乎没有影响。可靠性试验研究显示出PDPF的良好应用前景。     

Evolution of vehicle exhaust particles in the atmosphere

Aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements are used to characterize the evolution of exhaust particulate matter (PM) properties near and downwind of vehicle sources. The AMS provides time-resolved chemically speciated mass loadings and mass-weighted size distributions of nonrefractory PM smaller than 1 microm (NRPM1). Source measurements of aircraft PM show that black carbon particles inhibit nucleation by serving as condensation sinks for the volatile and semi-volatile exhaust gases. Real-world source measurements of ground vehicle PM are obtained by deploying an AMS aboard a mobile laboratory. Characteristic features of the exhaust PM chemical composition and size distribution are discussed. PM mass and number concentrations are used with above-background gas-phase carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations to calculate on-road emission factors for individual vehicles. Highly variable ratios between particle number and mass concentrations are observed for individual vehicles. NRPM1 mass emission factors measured for on-road diesel vehicles are approximately 50% lower than those from dynamometer studies. Factor analysis of AMS data (FA-AMS) is applied for the first time to map variations in exhaust PM mass downwind of a highway. In this study, above-background vehicle PM concentrations are highest close to the highway and decrease by a factor of 2 by 200 m away from the highway. Comparison with the gas-phase CO2 concentrations indicates that these vehicle PM mass gradients are largely driven by dilution. Secondary aerosol species do not show a similar gradient in absolute mass concentrations; thus, their relative contribution to total ambient PM mass concentrations increases as a function of distance from the highway. FA-AMS of single particle and ensemble data at an urban receptor site shows that condensation of these secondary aerosol species onto vehicle exhaust particles results in spatial and temporal evolution of the size and composition of vehicle exhaust PM on urban and regional scales.     

Exhaust temperature profiles for application of passive diesel particulate filters to solid waste collection vehicles in California

To reduce public exposure to diesel particulate matter (DPM), the California Air Resources Board has begun adoption of a series of rules to reduce these emissions from in-use heavy-duty vehicles. Passive diesel particulate filter (DPF) after-treatment technologies are a cost-effective method to reduce DPM emissions and have been used on a variety of vehicles worldwide. Two passive DPFs were interim-verified in California and approved federally for use in most 1994--2002 engine families for vehicles meeting min engine exhaust temperature requirements for successful filter regeneration. Some vehicles, however, may not be suited to passive DPFs because of lower engine exhaust temperatures. The purpose of this study was to determine the applicability of two types of passive DPFs to solid waste collection vehicles, the group of vehicles for which California recently mandated in-use DPM reductions. We selected 60 collection vehicles to represent the four main types of collection vehicle duty cycles--rolloffs, and front-end, rear, and side loaders--and collected second-by-second engine exhaust temperature readings for one week from each vehicle. As a group, the collection vehicles exhibited low engine exhaust temperatures, making the application of passive DPFs to these vehicles difficult. Only 35% of tested vehicles met the temperature requirements for one passive DPF, whereas 60% met the temperature requirements for the other. Engine exhaust temperatures varied by vehicle type. Side and front-end loaders met the engine exhaust temperature requirements in the greatest number of cases with approximately 50-90% achieving the required regeneration temperatures. Only 8-25% of the rear loader and roll-off collection vehicles met the engine exhaust temperature requirements. Solid waste collection vehicles represent a diverse fleet with a variety of duty cycles. Low engine exhaust temperatures will need to be addressed for successful use of passive DPFs in this application.     

Exhaust Temperature Profiles for Application of Passive Diesel Particulate Filters to Solid Waste Collection Vehicles in California

Abstract

To reduce public exposure to diesel particulate matter (DPM), the California Air Resources Board has begun adoption of a series of rules to reduce these emissions from in-use heavy-duty vehicles. Passive diesel particulate filter (DPF) after-treatment technologies are a cost-effective method to reduce DPM emissions and have been used on a variety of vehicles worldwide. Two passive DPFs were interim-verified in California and approved federally for use in most 1994–2002 engine families for vehicles meeting min engine exhaust temperature requirements for successful filter regeneration. Some vehicles, however, may not be suited to passive DPFs because of lower engine exhaust temperatures. The purpose of this study was to determine the applicability of two types of passive DPFs to solid waste collection vehicles, the group of vehicles for which California recently mandated in-use DPM reductions. We selected 60 collection vehicles to represent the four main types of collection vehicle duty cycles—roll-offs, and front-end, rear, and side loaders—and collected second-by-second engine exhaust temperature readings for one week from each vehicle. As a group, the collection vehicles exhibited low engine exhaust temperatures, making the application of passive DPFs to these vehicles difficult. Only 35% of tested vehicles met the temperature requirements for one passive DPF, whereas 60% met the temperature requirements for the other. Engine exhaust temperatures varied by vehicle type. Side and front-end loaders met the engine exhaust temperature requirements in the greatest number of cases with ～50–90% achieving the required regeneration temperatures. Only 8–25% of the rear loader and roll-off collection vehicles met the engine exhaust temperature requirements. Solid waste collection vehicles represent a diverse fleet with a variety of duty cycles. Low engine exhaust temperatures will need to be addressed for successful use of passive DPFs in this application.     

Variations in speciated emissions from spark-ignition and compression-ignition motor vehicles in California's south coast air basin

The U.S. Department of Energy Gasoline/Diesel PM Split Study examined the sources of uncertainties in using an organic compound-based chemical mass balance receptor model to quantify the contributions of spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine exhaust to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5). This paper presents the chemical composition profiles of SI and CI engine exhaust from the vehicle-testing portion of the study. Chemical analysis of source samples consisted of gravimetric mass, elements, ions, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) by the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) and Speciation Trends Network (STN) thermal/optical methods, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hopanes, steranes, alkanes, and polar organic compounds. More than half of the mass of carbonaceous particles emitted by heavy-duty diesel trucks was EC (IMPROVE) and emissions from SI vehicles contained predominantly OC. Although total carbon (TC) by the IMPROVE and STN protocols agreed well for all of the samples, the STN/IMPROVE ratios for EC from SI exhaust decreased with decreasing sample loading. SI vehicles, whether low or high emitters, emitted greater amounts of high-molecular-weight particulate PAHs (benzo[ghi]perylene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and coronene) than did CI vehicles. Diesel emissions contained higher abundances of two- to four-ring semivolatile PAHs. Diacids were emitted by CI vehicles but are also prevalent in secondary organic aerosols, so they cannot be considered unique tracers. Hopanes and steranes were present in lubricating oil with similar composition for both gasoline and diesel vehicles and were negligible in gasoline or diesel fuels. CI vehicles emitted greater total amounts of hopanes and steranes on a mass per mile basis, but abundances were comparable to SI exhaust normalized to TC emissions within measurement uncertainty. The combustion-produced high-molecular-weight PAHs were found in used gasoline motor oil but not in fresh oil and are negligible in used diesel engine oil. The contributions of lubrication oils to abundances of these PAHs in the exhaust were large in some cases and were variable with the age and consumption rate of the oil. These factors contributed to the observed variations in their abundances to total carbon or PM2.5 among the SI composition profiles.     

On-road measurement of fine particle and nitrogen oxide emissions from light- and heavy-duty motor vehicles

An updated assessment of fine particle emissions from light- and heavy-duty vehicles is needed due to recent changes to the composition of gasoline and diesel fuel, more stringent emission standards applying to new vehicles sold in the 1990s, and the adoption of a new ambient air quality standard for fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in the United States. This paper reports the measurement of emissions from vehicles in a northern California roadway tunnel during summer 1997. Separate measurements were made of uphill traffic in two tunnel bores: one bore carried both light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty diesel trucks, and the second bore was reserved for light-duty vehicles. Ninety-eight percent of the light-duty vehicles were gasoline-powered. In the tunnel, heavy-duty diesel trucks emitted 24, 37, and 21 times more fine particle, black carbon, and sulfate mass per unit mass of fuel burned than light-duty vehicles. Heavy-duty diesel trucks also emitted 15–20 times the number of particles per unit mass of fuel burned compared to light-duty vehicles. Fine particle emissions from both vehicle classes were composed mostly of carbon; diesel-derived particulate matter contained more black carbon (51±11% of PM_2.5 mass) than did light-duty fine particle emissions (33±4%). Sulfate comprised only 2% of total fine particle emissions for both vehicle classes. Sulfate emissions measured in this study for heavy-duty diesel trucks are significantly lower than values reported in earlier studies conducted before the introduction of low-sulfur diesel fuel. This study suggests that heavy-duty diesel vehicles in California are responsible for nearly half of oxides of nitrogen emissions and greater than three-quarters of exhaust fine particle emissions from on-road motor vehicles.     

Morphology and composition of particles emitted from conventional and alternative fuel vehicles

Size, morphology, and composition of airborne particles strongly affect human health and visibility, precipitation, and the kinetic characteristics of particles. In this study, the morphology and chemical composition of particles emitted from conventional (diesel and gasoline) and alternative (CNG and methanol) fuel vehicles were characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). The SEM images revealed that the size of primary particles (without agglomeration) was approximately 10 nm in the exhaust from all the tested vehicles. The particles emitted from gasoline vehicle (GV), CNG vehicle (CNGV), and methanol vehicle (MV) had the same median diameter, 62 nm, which was smaller than those from heavy diesel vehicle (HDV) and light diesel vehicle (LDV). Soot was observed in the HDV, LDV, and GV samples but not in the CNGV and MV. The fractal dimension, which was used to quantify the degree of irregularity of soot, was 1.752 ± 0.014, 1.789 ± 0.076, and 1.769 ± 0.006 in the exhaust from HDV, LDV, and GV samples, respectively. The particles discharged by all tested vehicles contained the elements C, O, Fe, and Na. The main element in the samples of HDV, LDV, and GV was C, while O was the main element in the samples of alternative fuel vehicles. The profiles of minor elements were more complex in the emissions of alternative fuel vehicles than those in the emissions of conventional fuel vehicles. The results improved our understanding of the morphology and elemental composition of particles emitted from vehicles powered by diesel, gasoline, CNG, and methanol.

     

柴油车氧化催化剂在抑制硫酸盐颗粒物形成方面的研究进展

柴油车氧化催化剂能够有效减少柴油车尾气中颗粒物的排放量 ,但是催化剂对尾气中SO2 的氧化会导致硫酸盐形成和释放 ,使总颗粒物的去除效果下降 ,因此 ,控制催化剂上硫酸盐颗粒物的形成相当关键。本文从选择活性组分、助剂、载体涂层及相应的制备工艺方面总结评述了近年来有关抑制硫酸盐颗粒物形成新采用的主要催化剂技术。     

低温等离子体处理柴油机NOx和PM试验研究

建立了一种具有较强实用性的介质阻挡放电等离子体反应器试验装置.借助静态试验研究其放电特性,通过发动机台架试验探讨了利用低温等离子体处理柴油机2种主要有害排放物NOx和PM的效果和化学反应机理,并通过模拟试验作了处理PM的进一步验证.试验结果表明,放电功率对于低温等离子体活性成分的产生有重要影响,应当优选放电参数以获得高的放电功率从而达到更好的处理效果;采用低温等离子体处理柴油机排气,NOx总量变化不大,主要将NO转化成NO2;低温等离子体可以有效去除柴油机排气中的PM,去除率随能量密度的增大而提高.