超细冷气溶胶抑制油气预混爆炸实验研究

大型油罐区火灾事故往往伴随着油气爆炸,对应急救援消防官兵生命安全带来威胁.具有可压缩性、流动性和弥散性特征的超细干粉冷气溶胶对泄漏可燃油气爆燃爆轰有抑制作用.采用三路进气20L球试验装置模拟油气-空气与超细干粉冷气溶胶预混点火燃爆过程,实验结果表明:超细干粉冷气溶胶具有物理和化学双重抑爆作用,随着抑爆剂用量的增大其最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率呈下降趋势,且爆炸感应期明显被滞后;抑爆过程油气爆炸指数快速下降后趋于稳定,抑爆效果与超细粉体本身特性、抑爆剂用量及油气点火时刻有关.该研究有助于优化油气环境的最佳抑爆条件,对大型储油罐区油气防火防爆防护和抑爆技术的应用具有积极意义.     

喷粉压力对KHCO_3冷气溶胶甲烷抑爆效果影响研究

为实现主动式喷粉抑爆系统的最佳抑爆效果,基于5 L管道爆炸试验平台,测试喷粉压力对碳酸氢钾(KHCO_3)冷气溶胶分散状况的影响,并开展KHCO_3冷气溶胶对于9.5%甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸的抑制试验,考察了不同喷粉压力下形成的KHCO_3冷气溶胶对甲烷爆炸压力及火焰传播的抑制效果。结果表明:喷粉压力显著影响KHCO_3冷气溶胶的分散状况,进而影响其甲烷抑爆效果,KHCO_3冷气溶胶在低喷粉压力下难以分散且抑爆效果不佳,仅对前期火焰产生抑制作用;随着喷粉压力增加,KHCO_3冷气溶胶抑爆效果逐渐提升,甲烷爆炸火焰传播减缓,最大爆炸压力降低;但当KHCO_3冷气溶胶得到充分分散时,继续增加喷粉压力对其抑爆效果提升很小。     

超细碳酸氢钠抑制玉米淀粉空气混合物爆炸试验

为探究抑爆介质对玉米淀粉-空气混合物爆炸的抑制效果,以超细碳酸氢钠粉体为抑爆介质,利用自主研制的抑爆装置,在容积为3 m3的受限空间内开展玉米淀粉-空气混合物爆炸抑制试验,研究抑爆介质用量、抑爆装置触发时间及布设方式等参数对玉米淀粉-空气混合物爆炸压力的影响。结果表明:增加抑爆介质喷射量、缩短抑爆装置触发时间和增加抑爆装置数量均能有效降低爆炸压力的峰值,延迟到达爆炸压力峰值的时间,表明抑爆介质有助于增强受限空间内粉尘爆炸的抑制效果;增加抑爆装置数量还可避免复燃现象的发生,预防二次爆炸。     

液体气溶胶抑制受限空间内烃类挥发的实验研究

在含有残留油品的受限空间内作业时,易发生油气燃爆事故。利用两性离子型氟碳表面活性剂组分制备了具有低表面张力的抑爆剂溶液,能够在易挥发烃类液体表面自由铺展成液膜,从而对烃类液体形成液封,抑制油气挥发。利用超细雾化装置,能够将抑爆剂溶液雾化形成液体气溶胶,气力输送至受限空间内。实验验证了受限空间内液体气溶胶中的微小液滴能够沉积在残留油品的表面形成液封,同时液滴和液膜的气液界面能够吸收空间内的油气分子,从而降低空间内的油气浓度。研究证明,利用抑爆剂液体气溶胶混合物来置换含残留油品受限空间内的油气,能够将受限空间内的油气浓度长久维持在10%LEL(Lower Explosion Limit)以下,降低空间内油气燃爆风险。     

大长径比管道汽油-空气混合气爆炸与抑制实验研究*

为探究狭长受限空间中油气爆炸失控时的发展状态,探索高效环保的油气爆炸抑制方法,利用长径比155的管道开展92号汽油-空气混合气爆炸发展规律和七氟丙烷主动抑爆技术研究。通过测量不同端部开口条件下油气爆炸超压、火焰传播速度、火焰强度等参数,对比研究空爆和抑爆工况下的油气爆炸变化规律,探讨长直管道中的油气爆炸特性,分析七氟丙烷抑爆效果。结果表明:大长径比管道中,端部开口泄爆对降低油气爆炸破坏能力的作用较小,开口与否对最大超压峰值的出现位置有影响;长直管道空爆时,油气爆炸由爆燃发展成爆轰,管道尾部的爆轰波速可达近2 000 m/s;密闭管道中,爆轰发生前火焰传播呈“已燃区-火焰锋面-待燃区-前驱激波-未燃区”的2波3区结构;主动抑爆方式下七氟丙烷抑爆效果良好,最大超压峰值降低幅度可达90%,火焰传播被及时阻断。     

七氟丙烷对狭长受限空间油气爆炸抑制实验研究

为研究七氟丙烷对油气爆炸的抑制作用,研制了主动式油气爆炸抑制装置,搭建 了狭长受限空间油气爆炸抑制实验系统,进行了油气爆炸抑制实验,并与无抑爆介质条 件进行了对比,分析了爆炸超压值、火焰传播速度和火焰强度等特性参数变化情况。实 验结果表明:当以3、4和5 kg七氟丙烷作为抑爆介质时,最大超压值分别下降34.05%、 50.78%和55.87%,平均火焰传播速度分别下降72.15%、79.87%和89.23%,火焰持续时间 明显缩短,火焰强度减弱;随着七氟丙烷质量的增加,抑爆效果越显著。     

受限空间网状高分子材料抑制油气爆炸实验研究

为研究新型网状高分子材料对油气爆炸的抑制作用,搭建了狭长受限空间油气爆炸抑制实验系统,进行了油气爆炸抑制实验,通过对比是否按留空率规范填充抑爆材料所达到的3种工况,分析了爆炸超压值、升压速率、火焰强度和火焰持续时间等特性参数变化情况。实验结果表明:新型网状高分子材料对油气爆炸产生的最大爆炸超压值、升压速率和火焰强度有明显的抑制作用;新型网状高分子材料对火焰的传播有明显的阻滞作用,使火焰传播速度减小;当新型材料按照规范填充时,最大爆炸超压值和升压速率分别下降了84.36%和 39.18%以上,火焰被完全熄灭,并且距离点火端越远,抑爆效果越明显。     

ABC和BC干粉抑制92号汽油蒸气-空气混合物爆炸效果研究

为研究干粉组成及粒径对其抑制汽油蒸气与空气混合物爆炸效果的影响,以92号汽油为例,在220 L爆炸罐基础上建立一整套可燃气体(液体蒸气)抑爆研究装置。选取磷酸铵盐、超细磷酸铵盐和钠盐3种干粉为抑爆剂。通过时间继电器调节点火时间,在油气爆燃转爆轰阶段喷射干粉,比较抑爆前后汽油蒸气爆炸的峰值压力、压力上升速率和能量的变化。试验结果表明:铵盐对汽油蒸气的抑爆效果优于钠盐,适当降低磷酸铵盐的粒径有利于提高气体抑爆效果。超细铵盐抑制汽油蒸气爆炸的效果最佳,能降低58.5%的汽油爆炸压力和31.6%的爆炸能量,3种干粉的最佳抑爆质量浓度分别为:超细铵盐0.682 g/L,铵盐0.228 g/L,钠盐0.455 g/L。     

无电源触发式抑爆装置研究

为防止煤矿井下瓦斯煤尘爆炸,研制无电源触发式抑爆装置.在地下试验巷道中进行的瓦斯煤尘爆炸抑爆试验表明,无电源触发式抑爆装置能在距爆源45 m内扑灭火焰,抑制爆炸.该装置能现场使用、维护方便、成本低,可在较近距离抑制爆炸传播,结合了被动、自动隔抑爆装置的优点,比现有技术有更好的推广应用前景.     

长庆油田油气爆炸参数及抑爆试验研究

采用哈特曼爆炸试验装置完成长庆油田典型油气组分爆炸特性参数测试,建立了油气爆炸模拟试验装置,并针对长庆油田油气爆炸研制自动抑爆装置,进行了长庆油田油气爆炸抑爆试验.长庆油田油气爆炸下限体积分数为3.0％,爆炸上限体积分数为14.0％,最大爆炸压力0.671 MPa,最大爆炸压力上升梯度40.625 MPa/s.长庆油田油气点爆后33 ms发展成爆炸,230 ms爆炸火焰向上扩展,624 ms爆炸火焰达到最大状态,920 ms爆炸火焰强度明显减弱,爆炸火焰很快自行熄灭.所研制的自动抑爆装置由紫外传感器、控制器和抑爆器组成.紫外传感器能抗太阳光、一般电源光的干扰;控制器由高能干电池供电,使用方便;自动抑爆装置响应时间小于15 ms,成雾时间小于150 ms.油气抑爆试验表明,自动抑爆装置能在1.5m范围内扑灭油气爆炸火焰.     

Gender differences in DUI offenders in treatment in Texas

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

Trends in occupational hygiene in Finland

The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.     

Violence in the workplaces in Finland

The aim of this study was to describe violence in Finnish workplaces by comparing it with leisure-time violence. The data were derived from 13,762 interviews made from a representative sample of the Finnish population in 1988. The subjects were asked to report all the violent incidents they had encountered during the previous 12 months. There were 394 victims of violence in workplaces, that is, 40.6 victims per 1,000 workers. The rate of occupational violence was almost identical for males (40.6) and females (40.5). The most hazardous occupations were prison guard, police officer, and mental health nurse. The main reasons for violence at work were related to refusal of an authority's order to go away or to the relationship between doctor or nurse and patient. A typical assailant was an unaccompanied man who was under the influence of alcohol.     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

九月北京，国际盛会

第二届中国国际安全生产论坛于9月2日在人民大会堂开幕,国务委员、国务院秘书长华建敏,国家局局长王显政,国际劳工组织东亚地区局局长克里斯廷等领导参加开幕式     

在回顾中思考 在创新中发展

2008年,是中国的奥运之年,也是中国林科院建院50周年、哈尔滨林机所建所50周年、<林业劳动安全>杂志创刊20周年. <林业劳动安全>的诞生,为林业安全文化建设开辟了一片广袤的园地,为加强学术交流打开了一洞明亮的牕牖,为行业安全的发展提供了一块方正的铺路石……