热等离子体熔融固化模拟医疗废物的研究

利用直流双阳极等离子体实验装置熔融固化处理不同组成的模拟医疗废物.研究了医疗废物熔融过程中重金属的迁移特性、熔渣的重金属浸出特性以及实验系统对医疗废物的处理效果.结果表明,经熔融处理得到的熔渣均呈典型的玻璃质结构,微观结构紧密、光滑且无空隙;所采用的等离子体对医疗废物中重金属有很好的固化效果,固化率在68.5%～89.4%之间;重金属Cd的浸出浓度低于仪器最低检测限,无法检出,Ni、Cr、Zn、Cu和Pb在熔渣中浸出浓度均远低于国家规定的毒性浸出标准.说明热等离子体技术是一种处理医疗废物的有效手段.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程中重金属迁移分布规律的研究

垃圾焚烧飞灰处理中重金属污染一直是倍受关注的问题。采用高温熔融法处理飞,该工艺具有二恶英去除率高、高效减容、有效固化重金属、熔渣可资源化利用等优点。目前学术界针对重金属在熔融过程中的迁移分布规律,研究了温度、碱度、添加剂、气氛、熔融时间等因素对重金属分布的影响。但关于影响程度的量化及影响机制的阐述,仍需要进一步探讨。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程重金属的迁移特性实验

对垃圾焚烧飞灰的熔融处理过程中重金属的迁移特性进行了实验研究.在自行设计的实验台上研究熔融温度、时间、气氛、冷却方式等条件对几种重金属固化特性的影响.结果表明,熔融可以固化大部分重金属,同时飞灰中重金属在熔融过程中的固化特性因种类不同呈现显著差异,Cd、Pb属于易挥发金属,而Ni、Cr和Zn不易挥发;飞灰成分、温度、气氛和冷却方式对各种重金属的影响程度各不相同.     

循环流化床锅炉脱硫性能设计及试验研究

循环流化床锅炉脱硫技术是高效、低污染清洁燃烧技术,针对循环流化床锅炉脱硫工艺参数方面存在的问题,对循环流化床锅炉燃煤过程中脱硫工艺参数进行设计并在燃煤热电厂进行了现场的试验工作,结果显示,循环流化床锅炉脱硫效率为82.5%,达到了设计脱硫率80%的指标要求,为我国燃煤循环流化床锅炉脱硫工艺的发展提供重要的参考。     

循环硫化床锅炉脱硫率主要影响因素

循环流化床锅炉添加石灰石脱硫技术近年来得到了很大的发展,它具有脱硫效率高,脱硫成本低,操作简单、无水污染等特点.本文分析概括了循环流化床锅炉添加石灰石脱硫工艺脱硫率的主要影响因素     

循环硫化床锅炉脱硫率主要影响因素

循环流化床锅炉添加石灰石脱硫技术近年来得到了很大的发展,它具有脱硫效率高,脱硫成本低,操作简单、无水污染等特点.本文分析概括了循环流化床锅炉添加石灰石脱硫工艺脱硫率的主要影响因素.     

燃煤电厂循环流化床锅炉脱硫效率的监测方法比较

介绍了循环流化床锅炉的脱硫机理和目前对循环流化床锅炉脱硫效率的两种监测方法,并对比分析了两种方法所得的脱硫效率的误差,对循环流化床锅炉脱硫效率监测方法的选取提出了建议。     

双循环流化床烟气脱硫的试验研究

利用循环流化床烟气脱硫热态试验装置对双循环流化床烟气脱硫工艺进行了中试研究。通过试验的方法研究喷水量、钙硫比和床料浓度等因素对脱硫效率的影响 ,并同单循环流化床烟气脱硫工艺的中试结果进行了对比。试验结果表明 ,喷水量、循环灰物料浓度和钙硫比对脱硫率影响很大。在相同试验工况下 ,双循环流化床烟气脱硫工艺比单循环流化床烟气脱硫工艺的脱硫效率要高     

应用循环流化床锅炉掺烧城市污泥的技术研究

研究了利用热电厂循环流化床锅炉掺烧城市污泥的技术,达到了最优化减少城市污泥对环境影响的效果。基于循环流化床锅炉具有负荷调节速度快、范围大,燃料适应性广、燃烧效率高,洁净的燃烧技术易于实现灰渣的综合利用等技术特点,文章尝试将城市污泥直接掺烧至循环流化床锅炉。实验结果表明,经高温焚烧的污泥可最大化实现减量,产生的灰渣已稳定和无害并可用作路基材料或建材厂制砖,实现了资源化利用。     

脱硫技术在火电厂的应用分析

电厂烟气脱硫技术方法很多,常规燃煤脱硫方法通常分为三种,方法的选择主要取决于锅炉容量、燃烧设备类型、燃料种类、脱硫效率等,同时还须考虑电厂地理位置、副产品的利用等因素。本文介绍了循环流化床锅炉脱硫技术、湿式石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫技术、生石灰-半干法烟气脱硫技术、氨肥法脱硫技术、电子束烟气脱硫技术、NOXSO同时脱硫脱硝技术、SNOXOM脱硫脱硝技术等,分析各种脱硫技术的应用范围、脱硫效率和优缺点等,为火电厂选择燃煤烟气脱硫措施提供了参考依据。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.