高应力下硬岩巷道掘进端面钻孔爆破卸压动态模拟

为了深入研究深部高应力岩层巷道围岩钻孔爆破卸压技术,将ANSYS/LS-DYNA程序和FLAC~(3D)程序相结合,动态模拟了硬岩巷道端面的钻孔爆破卸压过程,分析了不同卸压方案的钻孔爆破卸压效果,得到了合理的钻孔布置方式及钻孔深度、装药长度。结果表明:钻孔爆破卸压可降低巷道端面的支承压力峰值,并使其向岩体深部转移;呈三角形布置超深钻孔的爆破卸压效果较一字型好;钻孔超深2 m时,即超深一个掘进循环进尺时钻孔爆破卸压的效果最好;超深钻孔全长装药爆破的卸压效果较超深部分仅孔底或半长孔装药好。钻孔超深长度及其装药长度模拟表明,动态模拟较静态爆破等效模拟更精确。     

忻州窑煤矿5931巷道卸压槽防冲模拟与试验研究

采用理论分析、数值模拟与现场试验相结合的方法,对忻州窑煤矿5931巷道卸压槽防冲效果进行研究.数学推导了巷道底板岩层轴向力,分析了巷道底鼓原因.根据煤岩体静载破坏理论,确定了巷道卸压槽防冲技术方案.并运用FLAC3D数值软件模拟布置卸压槽巷道围岩应力、变形状态,从模拟结果可以看出,卸压槽具有很好的防冲作用.最后,选取部分5931巷道开展卸压槽防冲试验,布槽巷道围岩变形量明显减小,与模拟结果较为一致,同时,声发射现象显著减弱,证实卸压槽有好的防冲效果.     

深部高应力煤层卸压开采相似材料模拟试验

处于深部开采且煤层位于轴部构造的矿井,巷道变形量大、变形速度快且持续时间长,巷道维护十分困难。卸压开采技术是控制矿山压力的有效手段。以大安山煤矿为工程背景,采用相似材料模拟进行卸压开采及非卸压开采两组模型对比试验,研究下保护层轴9煤层开采对被保护层轴10煤层的卸压效果,通过监测保护层开采过程中及开采稳定后轴10煤层卸压系数变化特征、岩层裂隙发育程度及变形情况来检验卸压效果。结果表明:卸压开采条件下,轴10煤层顶板应力普遍降低,峰值应力降低9.4%;岩层裂隙发育密度及煤岩层变形量大,岩层最大裂隙密度为14条/cm,上升16.7%;岩层最大下沉量为54.6 mm,上升21.6%,表明岩层受卸压作用,应力明显减小,弹性能释放程度较好,有利于减弱强矿压现象。     

高应力下硬岩巷帮钻孔爆破卸压动态模拟

钻孔爆破卸压是转移或释放高地压的有效措施。采用显式非线性动力分析有限元程序ANSYS/LS-DYNA与快速拉格朗日有限差分程序FLAC3D相结合的方法,动态模拟了硬岩巷帮钻孔爆破卸压过程,分析了不同施工条件对卸压效果的影响。结果表明:合理的钻孔深度处于支承压力峰值与支承压力区边界之间的中部位置;装药量越大,支承压力峰值降低越明显,装药量上限应确保爆炸产生的损伤区与巷道已有损伤区不贯通;钻孔间距越小,支承压力峰值降低越明显,钻孔间距下限应满足在确保不扩大巷道已有损伤区范围的前提下,钻孔之间能够形成基本贯通的塑性带。     

深部大跨度硐室顶部卸压应力控制机理及数值模拟研究

深部大跨度硐室在高应力下常出现明显的围岩变形破坏,严重的会影响矿井的正常生产甚至引发事故。以新庄煤矿机头硐室受围压破坏变形为工程背景,分析机头硐室巷变形破坏的地质因素,提出采用顶部卸压法进行硐室维护的方案,并模拟卸压前后围岩应力及变形的变化。数值模拟结果表明顶部卸压后,硐室围岩应力重新分布,围岩应力下降和向深部转移;硐室顶底板围岩铅垂应力及两帮水平应力均减小,顶板围岩铅垂应力平均减少61.5%,底板浅部0-2 m区间内围岩铅垂应力接近0,水平应力平均减小75.4%。从模拟结果看,顶部卸压实施后有利于机头硐室的长期稳定。     

水平应力对半圆拱形巷道围岩应力分布及变形特征影响

水平应力是影响巷道围岩应力分布及变形破坏特征的重要因素,通过数值模拟方法研究了水平应力对直墙半圆拱形巷道围岩应力场、塑性区、位移场分布规律的影响,进而为确定巷道支护形式提供一定的理论依据。研究表明:影响巷道稳定性的关键因素是巷道周边的环向应力集中,随侧压力系数λ的增大,帮部围岩的竖向应力集中向顶、底板转移,从而引起塑性区向顶、底板转移,塑性区范围向顶、底板围岩内部扩展,巷道稳定性降低。当λ取值不同时,在巷道顶底板会产生相应的环向或径向拉应力区域,在拉伸作用下围岩整体性能降低,易发生压拉破坏。随λ增大,巷道帮部变形量逐渐增大,顶板下沉量先减小后增大最后减小,底鼓量先减小后增大。     

忻州窑煤矿5935巷道底板卸压槽防冲效果研究

运用理论分析、数值模拟与现场试验相结合的方法,对忻州窑煤矿5935巷道底板卸压槽防冲效果进行研究。依据现场实际情况,基于煤岩体静载破坏理论,选定底板卸压槽作为5935巷道的防冲技术方案。利用FLAC3D数值软件模拟5935巷道布置底板卸压槽后围岩应力、应变响应,模拟结果肯定了卸压槽的防冲作用。在现场5935巷道布置底板卸压槽的防冲试验中,实际观测巷道围岩变形量与模拟结果基本一致,声发射技术监测数据证实了底板卸压槽的防冲效果。通过底板卸压槽防冲投入分析,其经济效益相当显著。研究表明:布置底板卸压槽是忻州窑煤矿最为直接、有效的防冲手段,对"三硬"矿井冲击地压的防治工作具有一定的指导意义。     

深部“三软”高应力软岩巷道卸压耦合支护技术

为解决杨河煤业高应力软岩巷道的支护问题,对杨河煤业深部软沿巷道变形破坏特征及原因进行分析,提出支架-锚杆-围岩卸压耦合支护技术,并结合42轨道下山试验巷道对耦合卸压支护技术参数进行阐述,通过矿压观测结果可知:42轨道下山在采用卸压耦合支护技术后,有效控制了巷道强烈变形。     

基于钻孔气体漏失量法巷帮卸压带宽度确定研究

为确定巷帮卸压带宽度,合理布置巷道位置及确定封孔长度,提出了钻孔气体漏失量法,对某矿巷帮卸压带宽度进行了测试,并与封孔法所得结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明:钻孔封孔法测定卸压带宽度为9～10 m;钻孔气体漏失量法因充入高压气体使原始裂隙遭受楔形劈裂作用,造成裂隙扩张,测试结果为11 m,略大于封孔法测试结果;根据矿井实际抽放钻孔情况,结合漏失量法及封孔法测试结果综合确定该矿巷帮卸压带宽度为9～10 m。利用钻孔指标法进行验证,借助钻屑量、瓦斯涌出初速度及钻屑瓦斯解吸指标3个参数综合确定卸压带宽度为9～10 m,所得结果与封孔法测试结果一致,略小于漏失量法,说明对钻孔气体漏失量法所得结果适当修正后可进行卸压范围确定。     

巷道围岩再造承载层机理及数值模拟

在分析大变形巷道基本支护系统基础上,依据应力转移与强抗承载的围岩稳定思想,提出了巷道围岩再造承载层机理,建立了巷道围岩再造承载层稳定性力学模型,分析了巷道围岩再造承载层的稳定因素,最后进行了数值模拟。结果表明:巷道基本支护系统的承载能力与作用范围有限,基本支护系统作用下巷道浅部围岩呈“O”形整体收敛,弹塑性界面离层明显;而巷道两帮再造承载层与基本支护系统形成“Ω”形承载结构体,整体承载能力加强,顶板应力由底板深部转移改变为向两帮外伸移动,两帮围岩移动由巷道内收敛改变为向巷道底角外扩散,巷道围岩稳定性提高;巷道围岩再造承载层位置越高、长度越大,围岩越稳定;无支护巷道两帮垂直应力集中区明显,支护后巷道两帮垂直应力集中区得到弱化,浅部围岩形成“Ω”承载拱形体,两帮与顶板位移变化量较小,底鼓量为无支护巷道的84.65%,应进一步做好底鼓控制,围岩整体收敛变形较小,支护效果明显。     

几种常用的压力容器带压堵漏技术

带压堵漏技术是指在不影响生产正常进行的前提下,带温、带压修复泄漏部位,达到重新密封目的的一种特殊技术手段。本文就工作中的实践经验,总结了几种实用的带压堵漏方法。     

Vent burst pressure effects on vented gas explosion reduced pressure

The overpressure generated in a 10 L cylindrical vented vessel with an L/D of 2.8 was investigated, with end ignition opposite the vent, as a function of the vent static burst pressure, P_stat, from 35 to 450 mb. Three different K_v (V^2/3/A_v) of 3.6, 7.2 and 21.7 were investigated for 10% methane–air and 7.5% ethylene–air. It was shown that the dynamic burst pressure, P_burst, was higher than P_stat with a proportionality constant of 1.37. For 10% methane–air P_burst was the controlling peak pressure for K <∼8. This was contrary to the assumption that P_red > P_burst in the literature and in EU and US standards. For higher K_v the overpressure due to flow through the vent, P_fv, was the dominant overpressure and the static burst pressure was not additive to the external overpressure. Literature on the influence of P_stat at low K_v was shown to support the present finding and it is recommended that the influence of P_stat in gas venting standards is revised.     

Experimental investigations on the external pressure during venting

Experiments of explosion venting in different conditions were performed in a cylindrical vessel with a vent duct; the pressure-time profiles from four transducers mounted in the line-of-sight centerline outside the vessel and the clear sequential shadowgraphs of external venting flow field taken by a high-speed shadowgraph imaging system were obtained. Based on these results, the characteristics of the external pressure field during venting were discussed systematically to explain the generation mechanism of the secondary explosion. In addition, the variations of the intensity of the secondary explosion in different venting conditions, namely the failure pressure, ignition location, area blockage ratio or equivalence ratio of the fuel, were also analyzed in detail.     

在役压力容器缺陷处理

介绍了在役压力容器常见缺陷以及它们的处理方法。     

高压、超高压油气井装备抗内压强度设计计算分析*

为解决传统计算公式与方法已几乎无法满足目前对高压、超高压油气井装备强度设计的需求,利用理论分析方法,对不同抗内压强度计算公式进行详细分析,引入压力容器行业高压、超高压的计算公式与方法,并对某高温高压井抗内压强度进行分析,提出适用于超高压油气井的油套管抗内压强度计算公式。研究结果表明:不同抗内压强度公式的基本思想与设计准则不同,在使用时应注意限制条件,现有的抗内压强度计算公式不适用于高压、超高压油气井,材料性能不能充分利用且存在一定安全隐患;对超过100 MPa的油气井,可以采用弹塑性理念计算抗内压强度,对于油套管可以减小强度等级同时增加壁厚来满足抗内压强度要求。研究结果对高压、超高压油气井装备抗内压强度设计具有一定参考价值。     

Characteristics of dust explosion venting pressure and flame under high activation pressure

A 20 L spherical explosive device with a venting diameter of 110 mm was used to study the vented pressure and flame propagation characteristics of corn dust explosion with an activation pressure of 0.78–2.1 bar and a dust concentration of 400∼900 g/m³. And the formation and prevention of secondary vented flame are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the maximum reduced explosion overpressure increases with the activation pressure, and the vented flame length and propagation speed increase first and then decrease with time. The pressure and flame venting process models are established, and the region where the secondary flame occurs is predicted. Whether there is pressure accompanying or not in the venting process, the flame venting process is divided into two stages: overpressure venting and normal pressure venting. In the overpressure venting stage, the flame shape gradually changes from under-expanded jet flame to turbulent jet flame. In the normal pressure venting stage, the flame form is a turbulent combustion flame, and a secondary flame occurs under certain conditions. The bleed flames within the test range are divided into three regions and four types according to the shape of the flame and whether there is a secondary flame. The analysis found that when the activation pressure is 0.78 bar and the dust concentration is less than 500 g/m³, there will be no secondary flame. Therefore, to prevent secondary flames, it is necessary to reduce the activation pressure and dust concentration. When the dust concentration is greater than 600 g/m³, the critical dust concentration of the secondary flame gradually increases with the increase of the activation pressure. Therefore, when the dust concentration is not controllable, a higher activation pressure can be selected based on comprehensive consideration of the activation pressure and destruction pressure of the device to prevent the occurrence of the secondary flame.     

套管环空压力恢复与泄压预测模型研究

针对气井套管环空带压问题,通过研究气体在套管水泥环内的渗流规律,建立了气体渗流的连续性方程和运动方程,并求解出气体在水泥环中的渗流速率。通过分析井口泄压时针型阀处的气体流动状态,得出泄压时的气体泄放速率。以气体渗流速率和泄放速率为基础,结合井口的气体状态方程,分别建立了套管环空压力恢复与泄压预测模型。根据现场A气井实际数据进行实例计算,研究结果表明:所建模型计算的套管环空压力值与现场实测数据吻合,验证了模型的准确性。研究结果对套管环空带压的诊断评估和环空压力的控制具有重要意义。     

Predicting the maximum gas deflagration pressure over the entire flammable range

This paper describes a semi-empirical method to predict the maximum pressure for fuel/air deflagrations over the entire flammable range. The method is based on availability, which is a thermodynamic concept representing the maximum mechanical energy extractable from a given mass of material. In total eight fuel/air systems were considered — the deviation between the predicted and experimental maximum pressure is from −20 psia to +15 psia. This is a significant improvement over ideal gas or equilibrium prediction methods.     

水平管道泄爆面开启压力对甲烷爆燃压力的影响*

为了研究泄爆面不同开启压力对甲烷爆燃压力的影响,针对受限空间内甲烷/空气混合物爆燃传播过程,建立由水平管道构成的数值模型。研究结果表明:水平管道内存在爆燃压力积聚和泄放的双重效应,随着泄爆面开启压力的增加,测点爆燃压力峰值增大而且测点间爆燃压力峰值差异逐渐减小;在泄爆面不同开启压力条件下,泄压效应造成泄爆面及外部空气域爆燃压力衰减,随着泄爆面开启压力的增加,泄爆面开启时间近似呈线性增大;与水平管道内和泄爆面附近测点相比,水平管道外侧测点的爆燃压力峰值和振荡幅值均显著衰减,而且随着泄爆面开启压力的增加,测点爆燃压力峰值及测点间爆燃压力峰值差异均逐渐增大。     

快开门式压力容器余压开门爆炸数值仿真研究

据统计,快开门式压力容器爆炸事故约占压力容器事故总数的三分之一,且带压开门是引起爆炸的主要原因,因此针对其安全开展相关研究具有重要的意义。基于此,该文建立了快开门式压力容器余压爆炸数值计算模型,并进行了数值计算。计算结果(包括压力分布、速度分布、温度分布等)能直观显示快开门式压力容器爆炸过程。数值结果与试验结果进行了对比,结果表明,该模型具有较高精度,可以有效的预测快开门式压力容器的开门余压爆炸。