O3/BAF工艺系统中有机物生物降解数学模型

研究臭氧预氧化/曝气生物滤池（O₃/BAF）联合工艺深度处理实际城市污水二级出水过程中，后续BAF系统中有机物的生物降解数学模型。以有机底物浓度、填料层高度两个基本变量为控制条件，研究BAF的总体运行常数和填料特性常数,得出BAF有机物生物降解动力学方程为S_e/S₀=exp(－Kh/qSⁿ₀)。出水与进水COD浓度比值（S_e/S₀）的对数与反应器填料高度（h）之间可表达成一次函数关系。在不同的进水浓度（S₀）下，根据ln（S_e/S₀）~h和关系式m=K/qSⁿ₀，得到方程ln(q_m)=－nln(S₀)+lnK。BAF总体运行常数K和填料特性常数n分别为1.708和0.5063。该模型对BAF工艺有如下指导意义：可以根据设计流量、进水有机物浓度和出水浓度，初步确定BAF的尺寸（如横截面积、高度等）。     

催化湿式氧化法处理高浓度唑螨酯生产废水的研究

对唑螨酯生产过程中产生的高浓度实际废水采用催化湿式氧化技术在鼓泡式固定床反应器连续反应装置上进行处理。实验表明，制备的复合负载型催化剂CuO-MnO₂-Cr₂O₃/ZrO₂-CeO₂在处理该废水时具有较好的催化活性。通过对反应温度、反应压力、反应空速、气液比和进水pH等工艺条件的考察，得出最佳的工艺条件为：反应温度=220℃，反应压力=5.8 MPa，空速＝1.8 h^-1，V（气）∶V（水）＝260∶1，进水pH＝9，在此条件下COD去除率达到95.2％。     

不同基质共代谢降解2,4,6-三硝基苯酚的研究

以葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉、乙酸钠和苯酚作为共基质，通过35℃恒温生化培养箱缺氧驯化污泥，间歇恒温振荡试验研究了在不同共代谢基质条件下，2,4,6-三硝基苯酚（TNP）的缺氧降解性能。结果表明，经过驯化的微生物加入葡萄糖和苯酚作为碳源，在TNP∶苯酚∶葡萄糖为10∶3∶100的比例下，TNP生物降解率可以从不加碳源时的31.2%提高到86.6%；不同共基质条件下TNP的降解均符合一级反应动力学方程，反应速率常数大小依次是K_苯酚＜K_葡萄糖＜K_{葡萄糖+苯酚}，其中葡萄糖和苯酚同时作为共基质时TNP降解速率常数最大为0.019 h^-1。     

自养反硝化菌对硝酸盐氮去除动力学及影响因素研究

为更经济有效地去除污水中的硝酸盐，从兼性污泥中分离获得6株能氧化单质硫和还原硝酸盐的自养反硝化菌。根据各菌株的降解曲线筛选出优势菌种N-I，并研究影响菌株N-I降解性能的环境因素，如pH、温度、碳源及硝酸盐的降解动力学。实验表明，菌株N-I对硝酸盐的降解符合一级反应动力学方程，反应的半衰期t_1/2为1.42 h，反应速率常数为0.488 h^-1。最佳反应pH=7，最佳反应温度为30℃，最佳NaHCO₃浓度为大于或等于2.5 g/L。     

臭氧氧化法处理焦化废水生化出水的反应动力学简

对臭氧氧化去除焦化废水生化出水COD的反应动力学及其影响因素进行了实验研究，结果表明，在臭氧投加量为8.50 mg/min，反应温度为20℃和初始pH为10.61条件下，对COD的降解符合表观一级反应动力学模型，其相关系数R²=0.9991，表观反应速率常数k_Abs=1.01×10^-3 s^-1。该条件下，臭氧氧化对COD的降解主要来源于高活性羟基自由基的强氧化作用。在不同的臭氧投加量（4.25~12.75 mg/min）、不同的反应温度（10~40℃）和不同的初始pH（3.76~12.53）下，COD的降解也同样遵循一级反应动力学规律。随着臭氧投加量的增大，COD降解的表观反应速率常数从（0.554×10^-3） s^-1增加到（1.06×10^-3） s^-1；随着反应温度的升高，表观反应速率常数从（0.427×10^-3） s^-1增加到（1.40×10^-3） s^-1，温度越高反应速率提高的幅度却越小；在初始pH3.76~10.61范围内，表观反应速率常数从（0.218×10^-3） s^-1增加到（1.01×10^-3） s^-1，在初始pH为12.53时表观反应速率常数下降到（0.857×10^-3） s^-1。     

黄菖蒲和狭叶香蒲根系对氮磷的吸收动力学

采用改进的常规耗竭法，研究了黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus L.）和狭叶香蒲（Typha angustifolia L.）根系对NH₄⁺、NO₃^-和H₂PO₄^-的吸收特征及差异。结果表明，这2种植物根系对NH₄⁺、NO₃^-和H₂PO₄^-的吸收动力学特征均可采用Michaelis-Menten方程描述。2种植物根系对NH₄⁺、NO₃^-和H₂PO₄^-的亲和力（Km）和最大吸收速率（Vmax）有显著差异。吸收H₂PO₄^-时，黄菖蒲根系具有较高的Vmax值和较低的Km值，说明黄菖蒲具有嗜磷特性，并能够适应广范围浓度的H₂PO₄^-环境，适宜用于污染水体磷的去除；吸收NO₃^-时，狭叶香蒲根系具有较高的Vmax值和较低的Km值，表明狭叶香蒲可用于广范围浓度NO₃^-污染的水体修复；吸收NH₄⁺时，黄菖蒲根系具有较低的Vmax值和Km值，而狭叶香蒲根系具有较高的Vmax值和Km值，说明黄菖蒲适宜用于NH₄⁺污染较轻水体的修复，而在NH₄⁺污染较重水体中宜选用狭叶香蒲作为先锋植物。     

超细粉煤灰基成型吸附剂的动态吸附实验

以粉煤灰为原料制备成型吸附剂，对水溶液中亚甲基蓝和Cr⁶⁺进行动态吸附研究，绘制穿透曲线，利用Origin软件对实验数据分析处理，得出穿透曲线的通式C_t=A₁－A₂〖〗1+(t/t₀)^p+A₁。结果表明，初始浓度C₀=25 mg/L，填料高度不同时，达到穿透点的时间随填料高度的增加而增加；填料高度h=200 mm，初始浓度不同时，达到穿透点的时间随初始浓度的增加而减小；该吸附剂对有机染料和重金属离子均有较好的吸附性能；穿透曲线通式的回归线性相关系数表明，该通式可很好地反映超细粉煤灰成型吸附剂的动态吸附过程。     

新型絮凝剂含硼聚硅铝铁的制备和性能研究

向聚硅酸中引入Al³⁺、Fe³⁺、B，制得稳定性更好的高效絮凝剂含硼聚硅铝铁（PFASB）。通过实验得到其最佳配比为：n_(B)/n_(Si)=0.16、n_(Fe)/n_(Al)=0.5 、n_(Al+Fe)/n_(Si)=1。对造纸废水和焦化废水进行混凝实验表明，PFASB的除浊、除COD的能力均优于聚合铝、聚合铝铁和聚硅铝铁，而且矾花产生迅速，矾花粗大密实，是一种性能优异的新型高分子絮凝剂。实验还考察了絮凝剂的形貌和结构，结果表明B、铝及其水解产物、铁及其水解产物和聚硅酸等多种组分之间有相互作用，形成了尺度更大的聚集单元。PFASB的这种特殊结构是其具有良好稳定性和混凝性能的根本原因。     

燃油锅炉燃烧过程SO2的生成与排放特征

燃料燃烧过程是大气污染物的重要来源之一，对人体健康、空气质量和气候变化产生非常重要的影响。以62台燃油锅炉（≤10.5 MW）的燃料特性分析数据和SO₂排放实测数据为基础，通过统计分析方法，研究了燃油燃烧过程中燃油硫含量S和过量空气系数α对硫的转化率、SO₂排放因子和排放浓度的影响，获得了基于燃料消耗量、燃料发热量的SO₂排放因子EF_C、EF_H以及SO₂标态折算浓度C′_SO2与硫含量S间的关联式。结果表明，在过量空气系数α＞1的燃油燃烧过程中，EF_C、EF_H、C′_SO2与燃油硫含量S呈现出显著的线性正相关性，而与过量空气系数α无关，其关系式分别为：EF_C=18.86602×S，EF_H=443.78751×S ，C′_SO2＝1 509.28337×S；硫转化率η和基于燃料硫含量的SO₂排放因子EF_S则与燃油硫含量S和过量空气系数α无关，其平均值分别为96.3％和1.93 kg/kg。     

短程硝化过程中NO-2-N高效富集的工艺条件实验研究

针对厌氧氨氧化工艺需要提供充足的亚硝酸盐氮为电子受体的问题，利用培养基对SBR中具有一定短程硝化功能的污泥进行富集培养，得到氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌的数量之比为104︰1，并研究了工艺条件对短程硝化的影响，结果表明，适合氨氧化菌生长的最佳温度为30℃、pH为7.5、nHCO^-₃/nNH⁺₄-N值为1。以适合氨氧化菌生长的最佳环境条件优化SBR，在进水氨氮浓度为250 mg/L时，氨氮的转化率达到90％以上，亚硝酸盐氮积累率维持在85％以上，反应器中氨氧化菌与亚硝酸盐氧化菌的数量之比为10³∶1，亚硝酸盐的高效积累为厌氧氨氧化工艺处理高氨废水的过程提供了稳定的电子受体。     

微波辅助光催化降解阿特拉津的表观动力学

以内分泌干扰物阿特拉津为目标物,建立循环流化床微波辅助光催化体系,研究其微波辅助光催化降解规律。表观动力学研究发现,当阿特拉津初始浓度较低时,其在微波辅助光催化体系中的降解符合表观一级反应动力学特征。降解反应速率常数与阿特拉津初始浓度呈负线性相关,与紫外光强呈正线性相关,与催化剂浓度呈抛物线性相关。表观反应速率常数kobs=3.95×10-4c-0.27030I1.2224W0.3283,该模型计算值与实验值吻合较好,平均相对偏差仅为0.5%,可用于预测微波辅助光催化降解低浓度有机污染物的反应规律。     

一株苯酚降解菌的筛选及降解动力学特性

利用富集驯化的培养方法,从首钢焦化厂废水处理系统中的二沉池出水中,分离筛选出一株能够高效降解苯酚的菌株B3对其16S rDNA序列进行分析,并选择Monod方程和Andrews方程分别研究该菌在不同苯酚浓度条件下的降酚动力学模式。结果表明,B3为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus);苯酚浓度较低时,苯酚对菌株的生长基本不产生抑制作用,用Monod模型对B3降酚动力学过程进行拟合,其动力学参数V max=0.03 h-1,K s=25.53 mg/L;苯酚浓度较高时,按照Andrews模型对B3降酚动力学过程进行非线性最小二乘曲线拟合,其动力学参数V max=0.08 h-1,K s=147.52 mg/L,K i=384.96 mg/L。根据动力学方程,推论菌株B3降解对于浓度238.30 mg/L的苯酚具有最佳降解效果。     

Kinetics of phenol biodegradation at high concentration by a metabolically versatile isolated yeast Candida tropicalis PHB5

A highly tolerant phenol-degrading yeast strain PHB5 was isolated from wastewater effluent of a coke oven plant and identified as Candida tropicalis based on phylogenetic analysis. Biodegradation experiments with C. tropicalis PHB5 showed that the strain was able to utilize 99.4 % of 2,400 mg l^?1 phenol as sole source of carbon and energy within 48 h. Strain PHB5 was also observed to grow on 18 various aromatic hydrocarbons. Haldane model was used to fit the exponential growth data and the following kinetic parameters were obtained: μ _max?=?0.3407 h^?1, K _S?=?15.81 mg l^?1, K _i?=?169.0 mg l^?1 (R ²?=?0.9886). The true specific growth rate, calculated from μ _max, was 0.2113. A volumetric phenol degradation rate (V _max) was calculated by fitting the phenol consumption data with Gompertz model and specific degradation rate (q) was calculated from V _max. The q values were fitted with Haldane model, yielding following parameters: q _max?=?0.2766 g g^?1 h^?1, K _S ′?=?2.819 mg l^?1, K _i ′?=?2,093 (R ²?=?0.8176). The yield factor (Y _X/S ) varied between 0.185 to 0.96 g g^?1 for different initial phenol concentrations. Phenol degradation by the strain proceeded through a pathway involving production of intermediates such as catechol and cis,cis-muconic acid which were identified by enzymatic assays and HPLC analysis.     

Environmental behavior of benalaxyl and furalaxyl enantiomers in agricultural soils

The enantioselective environmental behavior of the chiral fungicides benalaxy and furalaxyl in agricultural soils in China was studied. Although sorption onto soils was non-enantioselective, the leaching of benalaxy and furalaxyl was enantioselective in soil columns. The concentrations of the S-enantiomers of both fungicides in the leachates were higher than the R-enantiomers. This can be attributed to enantioselective degradation of the two fungicides in the soil column. Enantioselective degradation of the two fungicides was verified by soil dissipation experiments, and the R-enantiomers degraded faster than the S-enantiomers in partial soils. The half-life was 27.7–57.8 days for S-benalaxyl, 20.4–53.3 days for R-benalaxyl, 19.3–49.5 days for S-furalaxyl and 11.4–34.7 days for R-furalaxyl. The degradation process of the two fungicide enantiomers followed the first-order kinetics (R² > 0.96). Compared to furalaxyl, benalaxyl degraded more slowly and degradation was less enantioselective. These results are attributed to the influence of soil physicochemical properties, soil microorganisms, and environmental factors.     

Photocatalytic degradation of p,p′-DDT under UV and visible light using interstitial N-doped TiO2

1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (or p,p′-DDT) is one of the most persistent pesticides. It is resistant to breakdown in nature and cause the water contamination problem. In this work, a major objective was to demonstrate the application of N-doped TiO₂ in degradation and mineralization of the p,p′-DDT under UV and visible light in aqueous solution. The N-doped TiO₂ nanopowders were prepared by a simple modified sol–gel procedure using diethanolamine (DEA) as a nitrogen source. The catalyst characteristics were investigated using XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS. The adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation of p,p′-DDT using the synthesized N-doped TiO₂ under UV and visible light were conducted in a batch photocatalytic experiment. The kinetics and p,p′-DDT degradation performance of the N-doped TiO₂ were evaluated. Results show that the N-doped TiO₂ can degrade p,p′-DDT effectively under both UV and visible lights. The rate constant of the p,p′-DDT degradation under UV light was only 0.0121 min^?1, whereas the rate constant of the p,p′-DDT degradation under visible light was 0.1282 min^?1. Under visible light, the 100% degradation of p,p′-DDT were obtained from N-doped TiO₂ catalyst. The reaction rate of p,p′-DDT degradation using N-doped TiO₂ under visible light was sixfold higher than that under UV light. According to Langmuir-Hinshelwood model, the adsorption equilibrium constant (K) for the N-doped TiO₂ under visible light was 0.03078 L mg^?1, and the apparent reaction rate constant (k) was 1.3941 mg L^?1-min. Major intermediates detected during the p,p′-DDT degradation were p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDD. Results from this work can be applied further for the breakdown of p,p′-DDT molecule in the real contaminated water using this technology.     

粉煤灰沸石负载Ce3+/TiO2光催化降解水中的菲和荧蒽

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱体，粉煤灰合成沸石为载体，采用溶胶-凝胶方法，在低温条件下制备了稀土铈掺杂的TiO₂光催化剂。利用SEM-EDS、XRD、FTIR对催化剂进行了分析和表征。以高压汞灯为灯源，对多环芳烃菲、荧蒽的降解进行了研究。实验考查了稀土铈掺杂质量分数、催化剂用量、溶液pH、目标物初始质量浓度等因素对光催化降解的影响，研究了其光降解动力学。结果表明，当稀土铈含量为0.5%，催化剂用量为3 g/L，pH偏碱性时，催化效果最佳。光催化反应符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood 动力学规律，菲、荧蒽的降解过程符合一级反应动力学，反应速率常数分别为0.0126 min^-1，0.0099 min^-1。     

多层生物滤塔净化硫化氢废气研究

以木屑为填料,采用多层生物滤塔净化H2S气体,研究其适宜的工艺条件及生物降解宏观动力学.结果表明,填料分层可提高H2S去除率,当进气容积负荷＜153.2 g H2S/(m3·d)时,H2S的去除率保持在90%以上;进气浓度低于70 mg/m3,下层200mm填料对H2S总去除率的贡献在50%以上;填料含水率为50%～6...     

Degradation of bisphenol A by the UV/H2O2 process: a kinetic study

A theoretical and experimental study of bisphenol A (BPA) degradation by the UV/H₂O₂ process in water is presented. The effects of the H₂O₂ concentration and the specific rate of photon emission (E_P,0) on BPA degradation were investigated. A kinetic model derived from a reaction sequence was employed to predict BPA and hydrogen peroxide concentrations over time using an annular photochemical reactor in batch recirculation mode. The local volumetric rate of photon absorption (LVRPA) inside the photoreactor was computed using a Line Source with Parallel Plane emission model (LSPP). From the proposed kinetic model and the experimental data, the second order rate constants of the reactions between hydroxyl radicals and the main reacting species (H₂O₂ and BPA) were estimated applying a nonlinear regression method. A good agreement between the kinetic model and experimental data, for a wide range of operating conditions, was obtained. For BPA, H₂O₂, and TOC concentrations, the calculated root means square errors (RMSE) were 2.3?×?10^??2, 9.8?×?10^??1, and 9.0?×?10^??2 mmol L^??1, respectively. The simplified kinetic model presented in this work can be directly applied to scaling-up and reactor design, since the estimated kinetic constants are independent of the reactor size, shape, and configuration. Further experiments were made by employing low BPA initial concentration (100 μg L^??1) in water and real wastewater. A lower degradation rate of BPA was observed in the real wastewater, although the UV/H₂O₂ process has also been able to completely degrade the target pollutant in less than 1 h.

     

Carbofuran removal in continuous-photocatalytic reactor: Reactor optimization,rate-constant determination and carbofuran degradation pathway analysis

Carbofuran (CBF) removal in a continuous-flow photocatalytic reactor with granular activated carbon supported titanium dioxide (GAC-TiO₂) catalyst was investigated. The effects of feed flow rate, TiO₂ concentration and addition of supplementary oxidants on CBF removal were investigated. The central composite design (CCD) was used to design the experiments and to estimate the effects of feed flow rate and TiO₂ concentration on CBF removal. The outcome of CCD experiments demonstrated that reactor performance was influenced mainly by feed flow rate compared to TiO₂ concentration. A second-order polynomial model developed based on CCD experiments fitted the experimental data with good correlation (R² ～ 0.964). The addition of 1 mL min^?1 hydrogen peroxide has shown complete CBF degradation and 76% chemical oxygen demand removal under the following operating conditions of CBF ～50 mg L^?1, TiO₂ ～5 mg L^?1 and feed flow rate ～82.5 mL min^?1. Rate constant of the photodegradation process was also calculated by applying the kinetic data in pseudo-first-order kinetics. Four major degradation intermediates of CBF were identified using GC-MS analysis. As a whole, the reactor system and GAC-TiO₂ catalyst used could be constructive in cost-effective CBF removal with no impact to receiving environment through getaway of photocatalyst.     

Electro-oxidation of the dye azure B: kinetics,mechanism, and by-products

In this work, the electrochemical degradation of the dye azure B in aqueous solutions was studied by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs), electro-Fenton, and anodic oxidation processes, using Pt/carbon-felt and boron-doped diamond (BDD)/carbon-felt cells with H₂O₂ electrogeneration. The higher oxidation power of the electro-Fenton (EF) process using BDD anode was demonstrated. The oxidative degradation of azure B by the electrochemically generated hydroxyl radicals (^?OH) follows a pseudo-first-order kinetics. The apparent rate constants of the oxidation of azure B by ^?OH were measured according to pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The absolute rate constant of azure B hydroxylation reaction was determined by competition kinetics method and found to be 1.19?×?10⁹ M^?1 s^?1. It was found that the electrochemical degradation of the dye leads to the formation of aromatic by-products which are then oxidized to aliphatic carboxylic acids before their almost mineralization to CO₂ and inorganic ions (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium). The evolution of the TOC removal and time course of short-chain carboxylic acids during treatment were also investigated.