甘肃省突发性环境污染事故调查及分析

通过对甘肃省突发性环境污染事故的调查，全面了解近几年来发生的突发性环境污染事故，分别从事故发生的行业、类型和污染因子等几个方面来分析甘肃省已发生的突发性环境污染事故，并提出几点建议。     

GC／MS在水污染事故监测中的应用

用ＧＣ／ＭＳ仪对一起严重的水污染事故水样进行了监测，检出的几十种化合物中，有多种与某化工厂的原料，产品及其中间体相吻合，该厂排放的污水与被污染河水水样有极其相似的指纹特征，迅速地判定了污染事故的责任者。     

突发性环境污染事故的防范对策

总结了世界上曾经发生的恶性环境污染事故给人类造成的损失，提出了强化公众“防范”意识，建立企业污染事故“风险评价”制度，划定环境污染防护带，减少突发性环境污染事故带来的损失。     

粗苯污染事故应急处理

针对一次苯泄漏事故的应急处理过程、方法进行论述与总结，并分析了事故现场周围地表、地下水中苯污染浓度的变化情况，提出了该类事故的应急措施，以此作为处理同类事故的参考和依据。     

突发性环境污染事故的对策

阐述了广西近年来突发性环境污染事故的类型、基本特征及其危害性。提出了相应地对策。指出，有效地预防环境污染事故的发生，提高处理突发性环境污染事故的应变能力，对维护社会稳定，促进环境与经济的协调、健康、持续发展具有重要意义。     

死鱼事故监测调查规程探讨

为了科学地监测调查死鱼事故，在研究实践基础上，探讨了死鱼事故的监测调查准备工作，现场采样观测项目内容和分工以及各种监测手段的运用程序等。指出，抓住死鱼症状，系统有序地监测调查和试验是准确处理死鱼事故的关键。     

桑蚕氟污染事故的监测

针对桑蚕污染事故的特点和监测中存在的问题，阐述了现场调查，布点采样，分析测试及结果评价等环节的技术要点和注意事项，并就与之密切相关的几个问题展开了讨论，为桑蚕污染事故的监测节一定的参考依据。     

关于渔业污染事故的调查处理

渔业污染事故的调查处理，目前的法律法规不够具体、可操作性不强，甚至有些规定相互矛盾，使渔业污染事故的处理极为困难，问题久拖而得不到及时的解决，对这些问题进行了剖析，并从法制性、科学性和机构建设的角度进行了探讨。     

提升应对突发性环境污染事故处置能力的思考

从应对突发性环境污染事故出发，通过案例分析阐述了如何开展环境污染事故的事前预防、现场应对和善后处理工作，提出构建科学、快速、高效的应急处置体系，提升应对突发性环境污染事故处置能力的方法。     

对两起突发性大气污染事故应急监测的体会

介绍了两起突发性大气污染事故应急监测的体会，讨论了４级站在突发性大气污染事故发生时应急监测的做法。     

江苏某醋厂排放VOCs的特征及健康风险评价

以江苏某醋厂为研究对象,使用便携式气相色谱/质谱仪实地采样,定性定量分析该厂挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放特征及异味物质强度特征。采用美国环境保护署(USEPA)的健康风险评价模型,评估醋厂排放VOCs对周围居民的健康影响,结果表明,该厂排放的VOCs仅导致较强的感官影响,未产生明显的致癌效应。     

工业城市有机化工异味应急监测快速溯源

结合淄博化工园区有机化工异味的应急监测,研究了工业城市有机化工异味的快速溯源。针对多种异味混杂,现场利用便携式GC-MS对空气中引起异味的有机化合物进行定性和定量,结合三点比较式臭袋法测定厂界臭气浓度值,根据风向,对照企业污染物名单快速溯源,并根据测定结果和厂界臭气浓度限值对排污企业进行行政处理。     

Occurrences of six steroid estrogens from different effluents in Beijing, China

Concentration levels of six natural and anthropogenic origin steroid estrogens, namely, diethylstilbestrol (DES), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), ethinylestradiol (EE2), and estradiol-17-valerate (Ev), from different effluents in Beijing were assessed. Sampling sites include two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), a chemical plant, a hospital, a pharmaceutical factory, a hennery, and a fish pool. In general, concentrations of estrogens in the effluents varied from no detection (nd) to 11.1 ng/l, 0.7 to 1.2 × 10³ ng/l, nd to 67.4 ng/l, nd to 4.1 × 10³ ng/l, nd to 1.2 × 10³ ng/l, and nd to 11.2 ng/l for DES, E1, E2, EE2, E3, and Ev, respectively. The concentration levels of steroid estrogens from different effluents decreased in the order of pharmaceutical factory and WWTP inlets > hospital > hennery > chemical factory > fish pool. This study indicated that natural estrogens E1, E2, and E3 and synthetic estrogen EE2 are the dominant steroid estrogens found in the different Beijing effluents. For source identification, an indicator (hE = E3/(E1 + E2 + E3)) was used to trace human estrogen excretion. Accordingly, hE in effluents from the hospital and WWTP inlets exceeded 0.4, while much smaller values were obtained for the other effluents. Human excretions were the major contributor of natural estrogens in municipal wastewater. Estimation results demonstrated that direct discharge was the major contributor of steroid estrogen pollution in receiving waters.     

某废弃农药生产场地地下水挥发性有机物污染健康风险评价

对常州某废弃农药生产场地地下水中挥发性有机物污染状况和健康风险进行了调查评价。结果表明，该场地地下水中挥发性有机物污染以苯系物、氯代苯类和氯代烃类为主；部分点位地下水健康风险评价结果超出可接受范围，可能危害人体。     

超声波-气相色谱法测定鱼肉样品中硝基苯类化合物

以鱼肉样品为研究对象,采用超声波法提取鱼肉中的硝基苯类化合物,并通过凝胶色谱进行净化、浓缩,最后用气相色谱定量分析,得到生物样品中硝基苯类化合物的检出限,同时与传统的索氏提取法进行加标回收试验比较。结果表明:用超声波提取鱼肉样品中的硝基苯类化合物方法可行,回收率稳定,并且得到检出限为0.13~2.72 ng/g,加标回收率在60%~78%,RSD在0.04%~3.2%。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in four fish species from different trophic levels in the Persian Gulf

Concentration of ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were determined in liver of four fish species from different trophic levels (Aurigequula fasciata, omnivore; Alepes djedaba, carnivore; Liza abu and Sardinella albella, phytoplanktivores). In all the species, similar distributions were observed in which pyrene predominated and followed by naphthalene and acenaphthylene. L. abu accumulated the highest concentration of ΣPAH, followed by S. albella, A. fasciata, and A. djedaba. No correlation between PAH content in fish liver and fish size has been found at the level of individual compounds, except for benzo[a]pyrene (p?r?=??0.704). Female fish exhibited significantly lower mean ΣPAH concentrations than male in all the species, except for L. abu.     

Consequences and Correctives Related to Lake Acidification, Liming and Mercury in Fish – A Case-Study for Lake Huljesjön, Sweden, Using the LakeWeb-model

This work exemplifies how a given lake (Lake Huljesjön, Sweden) would likely respond to changes in pH-values and to liming (a standard measure against anthropogenic acidification). The basic questions are: How would a liming influence pH? How long would the changes last? How would the changes influence the structure and function of lake ecosystems? The work uses a comprehensive lake ecosystem model, LakeWeb, which accounts for production, biomasses, predation, abiotic/biotic interactions of nine key functional groups of organisms, phytoplankton, bacterioplankton, two types of zooplankton (herbivorous and predatory), two types of fish (prey and predatory), zoobenthos, macrophytes and benthic algae. LakeWeb is a dynamic model and gives weekly variations. It has been critically tested using empirical data and regressions from many lakes. Those tests are not presented here but have shown that the model can capture typical functional and structural patterns in lakes very well. This gives credibility to the results presented in this work, which would be very costly to obtain in the traditional manner by extensive field studies in one or a few lakes. This work presents for the first time predictions at the ecosystem level of how functional groups of organisms (and not individual species) are likely to respond to acidification and liming. Two existing dynamic models, one for liming, the other for Hg-concentrations in fish, have been added to the LakeWeb-model. These two models have previously been tested and proven to yield good predictions. The results presented here indicate that there are several probable changes in the structure and function of the lake foodweb related to acidification and liming. The predicted changes in macrophyte cover will influence the predation pressure on fish, and thereby the fish biomass. Reductions in primary production at low pH-values will cause reductions in fish biomass. There are several interesting compensatory effects between factors that increase fish biomass and factors that tend to decrease the biomass. Such matters can be handled quantitatively by the LakeWeb-model.     

农药企业搬迁土地挥发性有机物风险评价

对常州某农药生产场地土壤中挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染状况以及健康风险和生态风险进行了调查评价。结果表明,该场地土壤中挥发性有机物污染以苯系物和卤代烃为主。苯系物质量浓度为0~56.6 mg/kg,卤代烃质量浓度为0~1.14 mg/kg。健康风险评价结果均在可接受范围内,而生态风险评价显示生产车间内的土壤VOCs生态风险较大,存在着对生物的危害。     

Levels of synthetic musk compounds in municipal wastewater for potential estimation of biota exposure in receiving waters

We analyzed water samples from the confluence of three municipal sewage treatment effluent streams, surface water, and whole carp (Cyprinus carpio) for synthetic musks for a period of 7-12 months. The lipid content of each fish was determined and compared with the concentration of musks in the whole fish tissue. Enhanced methods were used for water sampling and musk extraction. The data presented here provide insight as to the relationship between concentrations of synthetic musks in the municipal effluent and associated biota. This study confirmed the presence of polycyclic and nitro musk compounds in sewage effluent, Lake Mead water, and carp. The concentrations were found to be considerably lower than previous studies conducted in other countries. This study also provides data for polycyclic and nitro musk compounds, as well as some of the nitro musk metabolites in sewage treatment plant effluent, lake water, and carp.     

食品企业周边空气中异味挥发性有机物测定方法比较

以1个典型食品生产企业(酱菜厂)周边的异味挥发性有机物监测为例,介绍了罐采样-GC/MS、便携式GC/MS、SPME-GC/MS以及SPME-异味分析系统等4种监测方法的实际应用,从定性、定量监测结果等方面,比较了4种监测方法的特点。罐采样-GC/MS、便携式GC-MS 2种方法适用于定性、定量检测,在有标准样品的前提下,定量结果总体可比;SPME-GC/MS以及SPME-异味分析系统2种方法更适用于定性检测。