焚烧炉排气测试技术的研究与应用

本文根据工业焚烧炉焚烧排气的共性和特殊物质焚烧排气的特性,开发建立了综合污染指标、特征污染物指标及包括焚烧工艺控制指标在内的10个项目的测试方法,为焚烧工艺研究,对各种焚烧设备的性能检验,控制最佳的焚烧条件,评价焚烧排气对环境影响因素的状况提供了全面而系统的监测手段。 本文建立的焚烧炉排气黑度、臭度、总烃及粉尘含量的测试方法适用于所有工业焚烧炉排气的监测。本文建立的特征污染物采样、分析方法,为焚烧处理技术、设备的开发、完善创造了条件,为制定焚烧炉排气中污染物排放标准及标准监测方法奠定了基础。     

新型转式垃圾焚烧炉焚烧技术研究

研究了新型转式焚烧炉稳定燃烧工艺和有机垃圾在新型转式焚烧炉中焚烧过程HCl和NOx释放和控制特性。结果表明,新型转式焚烧炉采用二次燃烧技术,能有效控制和降低二次污染物的生成。     

小型高效回转窑式焚烧炉的探索与实践

针对化工行业中多种类工业废弃物的特点，确定采用回转窑式焚烧炉的可行性，给出了焚烧系统的设计思路以及重要设备的计算方法，并在实际中加以验证。     

市政污泥焚烧过程中重金属迁移转化行为研究进展

焚烧已成为市政污泥处置或资源化利用的重要手段.焚烧过程会改变市政污泥中重金属的化合态和价态,从而影响其迁移转化行为.目前,国内外已对市政污泥焚烧过程中重金属的迁移转化行为开展了大量研究.梳理和归纳了市政污泥特性以及焚烧炉炉型、焚烧温度、停留时间、反应气氛和添加物等工况对重金属迁移转化行为影响的研究进展,并提出了未来仍需...     

小型高效回转窑式焚烧炉的探索与实践

针对化工行业中多种类工业废弃物的特点 ,确定采用回转窑式焚烧炉的可行性 ,给出了焚烧系统的设计思路以及重要设备的计算方法 ,并在实际中加以验证     

含硫化合物对氯苯和二噁英的抑制作用

为有效控制废物焚烧过程中氯代有机污染物的排放,利用管式炉及某实际医疗废物焚烧炉研究了含硫添加剂对氯苯和二噁英的抑制,并分析了抑制剂对氯化反应的影响。结果表明,硫代硫酸钠是非常有效的抑制剂,对氯化反应的抑制率达90%;在实际焚烧炉应用上,单质硫对五氯苯、六氯苯和二噁英均存在抑制能力。     

研制成功移动式特殊危险废物焚烧炉

北京机电学院高技术股份公司研制成功移动式特殊危险废物焚烧炉，一些特殊危险废物如“毒鼠强”等，由于毒性强、批量小、不便运输等特点，难于集中处理。该设备采用自动上料、自动出灰、自动控温等先进工艺，配有两个燃烧室，焚烧温度为1200℃，并配有半干式喷淋塔、洗涤塔、布袋除尘器等处理设施，焚烧彻底，无二次污染。具有机动性强、焚烧效果好，适合于高毒性、小批量、地点分散的特殊危险废物处理，填补了国内一项空白。     

焚烧炉医疗垃圾输送装置

焚烧炉医疗垃圾输送装置是专门为医疗垃圾焚烧炉研究设计的配套上料设备。具有体积小，操作方便，实现全自动控制等优点。成功地替代了人工上料方式，有效避免了操作者与物料的直接接触。上料速度均匀可调，有利于保证和提高焚烧效率。清洗、消毒方便，符合有关规范要求。     

150t／d循环流化床生活垃圾焚烧炉的工艺结构与污染排放

垃圾焚烧处理技术在我国的应用越来越广泛，单纯引进国外的垃圾焚烧处理技术已经无法满足我国经济发展的需要。清华大学自主开发研制的150t／d循环流化床生活垃圾焚烧炉已经通过专家鉴定，各项焚烧污染物徘放指标均达到或优于国家标准，总体水平居国内领先水平。本文详细介绍了该焚烧炉的系统及结构，并对有关控制污染物排放的技术手段进行了详细分析。     

生物沥浸污泥深度脱水后自然干化与焚烧处置效果及影响因素

脱水污泥的干化效果对污泥后续焚烧处置及资源化有重要影响。比较了生物沥浸处理后深度脱水污泥与常规脱水污泥的水分蒸发速率差异，以评价其干化效果。在此基础上，对城市污泥生物沥浸示范工程中得到的有机质含量为44％（干物质计），干基高位热值为9250kJ／kg，含水率≤32％，颗粒粒径≤8mm的污泥样品，采用小型循环流化床焚烧炉（内径600mm，高度6500mm，污泥给料量200kg／h）进行焚烧处置初步研究。结果表明，在同样干化时间下，生物沥浸后脱水污泥相对于常规脱水污泥有较快的水分蒸发速度。在保证污泥颗粒在流化床炉内达到较好的流化状态前提下，该生物沥浸污泥可以在流化床炉内实现自持焚烧，相应流化床炉温可以被恒定维持在850℃左右。焚烧后残渣热灼减率为2．36％。同时发现，污泥有机质含量、污泥含水率、污泥的颗粒破碎度、流化床布风板风量等因素共同决定着城市污泥的自持焚烧效果。此研究将为城市污泥生物沥浸后期焚烧资源化应用提供必要的参数支持及合适的运行建议。     

低污染的危险废物焚烧技术研究

目前危险废物焚烧中产生的污染物主要通过尾气处理去除 ,本文认为尾气处理应与通过控制焚烧条件减少尾气中污染物的原始浓度相结合 ,以减少后续处理设备的投资。本文主要讨论了控制危险废物焚烧中主要污染物颗粒物、氯化氢、SOx、NOx、二的焚烧技术     

我国垃圾焚烧处理现状及其发展

本文对我国垃圾焚烧处理的现状和发展趋势进行了综述。垃圾焚烧处理符合资源化、减量化和无害化的原则,由于经济技术水平的限制,我国城市垃圾的处理主要是以填埋和堆肥为主,焚烧法处理占的比例较少,随着经济技术水平的提高,焚烧处理垃圾将得到迅速的发展。我国垃圾焚烧处理的发展应积极的引进、吸收、消化国外的先进技术,开发生产适合我国国情的垃圾焚烧设备;加强法规建设,实现垃圾焚烧处理的规范化管理;开发废气净化设备及其二次污染控制设备;确保焚烧废气达标排放;有效的对垃圾焚烧排放污染物的监控,保证垃圾焚烧处理设施安全、高效的运行。     

Kinetics of catalytic oxidation of benzene, n-hexane, and emission gas from a refinery oil/water separator over a chromium oxide catalyst

With the advances made in the past decade, catalytic incineration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has become the technology of choice in a wide range of pollution abatement strategies. In this study, a test was undertaken for the catalytic incineration, over a chromium oxide (Cr2O3) catalyst, of n-hexane, benzene, and an emission air/vapor mixture collected from an oil/water separator of a refinery. Reactions were carried out by controlling the feed stream to constant VOC concentrations and temperatures, in the ranges of 1300-14,700 mg/m3 and 240-400 degrees C, respectively. The destruction efficiency for each of the three VOCs as a function of influent gas temperature and empty bed gas residence time was obtained. Results indicate that n-hexane and the oil vapor with a composition of straight- and branch-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons exhibited similar catalytic incineration effects, while benzene required a higher incineration temperature or longer gas retention time to achieve comparable results. In the range of the VOC concentrations studied, at a given gas residence time, increasing the operating temperature of the catalyst bed increased the destruction efficiency. However, the much higher temperatures required for a destruction efficiency of over 99% may be not cost-effective and are not suggested. A first-order kinetics with respect to VOC concentration and an Arrhenius temperature dependence of the kinetic constant appeared to be an adequate representation for the catalytic oxidation of these volatile organics. Activation energy and kinetic constants were estimated for each of the VOCs. Low-temperature destruction of the target volatile organics could be achieved by using the Cr2O3 catalyst.     

Kinetics of Catalytic Oxidation of Benzene,n-Hexane,and Emission Gas from a Refinery Oil/Water Separator over a Chromium Oxide Catalyst

ABSTRACT

With the advances made in the past decade, catalytic incineration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has become the technology of choice in a wide range of pollution abatement strategies. In this study, a test was undertaken for the catalytic incineration, over a chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃) catalyst, of n-hexane, benzene, and an emission air/vapor mixture collected from an oil/water separator of a refinery. Reactions were carried out by controlling the feed stream to constant VOC concentrations and temperatures, in the ranges of 1300–14,700 mg/m³ and 240–400 ° C, respectively. The destruction efficiency for each of the three VOCs as a function of influent gas temperature and empty bed gas residence time was obtained.

Results indicate that n-hexane and the oil vapor with a composition of straight- and branch-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons exhibited similar catalytic incineration effects, while benzene required a higher incineration temperature or longer gas retention time to achieve comparable results.

In the range of the VOC concentrations studied, at a given gas residence time, increasing the operating temperature of the catalyst bed increased the destruction efficiency. However, the much higher temperatures required for a destruction efficiency of over 99% may be not cost-effective and are not suggested. A first-order kinetics with respect to VOC concentration and an Arrhenius temperature dependence of the kinetic constant appeared to be an adequate representation for the catalytic oxidation of these volatile organics. Activation energy and kinetic constants were estimated for each of the VOCs. Low-temperature destruction of the target volatile organics could be achieved by using the Cr₂O₃ catalyst.     

New Approaches to the Design of Afterburners for Varnish Cookers

The best method of controlling varnish kettle emissions is by thermal incineration. Two new approaches have been developed; these utilize the integral-blower burner and the non-powered raw gas burner. Both of these new approaches offer significant advantages over conventional methods of incineration. Installation, operating, and maintenance costs are substantially reduced when either approach is utilized.

When compared to conventional methods, the new approaches achieve an increase of 100% in mixing velocity or turbulence. This results in a reduction of 20% in fuel consumption. Residence time is reduced by 29% via the non-powered raw gas burner approach. An average reduction of 65% is obtained in the length to diameter ratio. Choice of which approach depends upon several factors, primarily the type of fuel available and the minimum oxygen concentration in the fume stream.     

Atmospheric baseline levels of PCDD and PCDF in the region of Oporto

An external monitoring plan (EMP) is being implemented in the region of Oporto, Portugal, to follow the potential effects of a future incinerator of municipal solid waste. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) were measured during 1998 and the first semester of 1999, prior to the working up of the incineration unit. The baseline levels obtained through this intensive monitoring work are presented and discussed in the present paper.     

On-line real-time measurements at incineration plants: PAHs and a PCDD/F surrogate compound at stationary combustion conditions and during transient emission puffs

Laser mass spectrometry has been applied for on-line monitoring of traces of aromatic compounds from flue gas of incineration plants. The experiments have been carried out at two sampling sites in an industrial hazardous-waste incinerator. With laser mass spectrometry resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) (REMPI-TOFMS), using the group selective multi-component monitoring approach, aromatic compounds are selectively ionized from the complex flue-gas matrix. In this case, the result of an REMPI-TOFMS on-line measurement is a distinct pattern of aromatic compounds. These patterns are dependent on: (i) the point of measurement, (ii) the incineration plant, (iii) the temperature, and (iv) the fuel. This contribution focuses on the fuel dependence of the pattern. The most transient behavior can be observed when containers filled with hazardous waste are burnt, leading to puffs. Real-time monitoring results of puffs are given. Furthermore, as an approach towards on-line monitoring of the TEQ (PCDD/F toxicity equivalent), REMPI-TOFMS on-line analysis results of chlorobenzene are presented.     

生物标志物在水源地风险评价中的作用与展望

针对肿瘤高发区饮用水污染和南水北调水质的风险评价问题,提出了可用生物标志物检测水中的“环境诱变剂量”来作为评价水体中有毒有害污染物潜在遗传危害的综合指标。简要介绍了生物标志物在国内外的研究动态及其在环境监测、环境风险评价中的应用前景。     

危险废物回转式流化冷渣多段焚烧系统焚烧特性研究

危险废物的处理和处置是摆在我国各级市政府面前的紧迫任务。然而我国已经运行的危险废物焚烧装置普遍存在回转窑挂壁结渣、热灼减率偏高和污染排放超标等问题,作者通过将回转窑和流化床特点相结合的方法提出了一种新型危险废物回转式流化冷渣多段焚烧处置装置。该装置采用回转窑(一燃室)、二燃室和流化床结合的热解-流化焚烧工艺,特别是采用控制窑头温度避免了回转窑挂壁结渣;采用流化冷渣装置延长未燃烬渣的焚烧时间,解决了热灼减率偏高问题;水冷式烟气急冷装置可以将烟气温度从1 100℃降到200℃,防止了二恶英的尾部低温再生成。该系统运行稳定可靠,可以处理医疗垃圾和大多数的固态和液态危险废物,实现了烟气污染物尤其是二恶英排放达到国家标准的目标。同时对该系统运行时窑头温度分布、二燃室炉膛出口氧量变化、回转窑和炉膛升温特性、燃烧室外壁温度分布等几方面运行数据都进行了详细的介绍,为危险废物焚烧炉的运行提供了宝贵的经验数据。