模拟城市污水在厌氧、缺氧以及好氧反应器中的毒性削减研究

采用发光细菌法测定城市污水毒性,并研究了模拟城市污水分别在厌氧、缺氧、好氧条件下的毒性削减情况.试验采用人工配水,其中添加了甲苯、邻二甲苯、对二甲苯、吲哚、吡啶、环己酮、苯丙酸7种有毒有机物.并用GC-MS检测上述有机物在不同生物处理过程中的降解情况及出水有机物的变化情况.结果表明,模拟城市污水经厌氧生物处理后毒性增大(HRT≤10h);缺氧生物处理对模拟城市污水的毒性略有削减;而好氧生物处理对模拟城市污水的毒性削减能力较强,效果明显.     

制浆造纸废水对水生生物急性毒性研究

目前我国工业废水排放的监督和管理主要以理化监测为主,而理化分析并不能实际反映出水污染源对水体中受害生物的综合毒害强度。该研究同时采用鱼类急性毒性试验、溞类急性毒性试验、发光细菌急性毒性试验和藻类生长抑制试验测定制浆造纸排放废水的生物毒性大小,根据上述毒性实验所测定的半数效应的体积百分比浓度,筛选出对该行业废水最为敏感的毒性试验方法和试验生物,同时结合毒性单位法和废水中的常规污染物浓度与特征污染物对该排放废水进行了综合评价。试验结果表明:该制浆造纸废水对斑马鱼的96 h LC50为33.24%、33.33%和32.96%,属中毒;对大型溞的48 h LC50为27.01%和37.47%,属中毒;对青海弧菌Q67的15 min EC50远远小于10%,属高毒或剧毒;对斜生栅藻的96 h EC50为50%~100%,属低毒。可见,发光细菌毒性试验方法对制浆造纸废水最为灵敏;同时测定4类生物急性毒性的方法为建立我国重点废水排放行业的生物毒性监测方法体系和适合不同污染源废水的试验生物目录库奠定了基础;虽然部分制浆造纸废水的理化指标已经达标,但是其生物毒性较强,这说明采用生物毒性监测配合理化监测方法监测水污染源排放的废水,才能更深刻了解污染物对水生态环境的实际影响,水生生物毒性试验是化学试验的必要补充。     

Biodegradation and ecotoxicological assessment of pectin production wastewater

The chemical composition of pectin production wastewater and its toxicity during biological treatment were investigated. Samples of wastewater from di erent steps of a pectin production wastewater biological treatment plant were investigated including the influent of the treatment (1), after denitrification tank (2), after anaerobic treatment (3) and final e uent (4). The conventional physicochemical characteristics of samples did not indicate wastewater toxicity. However, toxicity assessments carried out on Vibrio fischeri and Scenedesmus subspicatus indicated low EC50 values. The fractionation of the samples using an XAD resin showed that the toxicity was associated with the organic matter. Wastewater apparent molecular mass distributions were 14.3, 25.0, 24.4 and 29.6 kDa for samples 1–4, respectively. Finally, characteristics of the sample by pyrolisis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-CG-MS) demonstrated its polyphenolic nature and a 23% increase in the levels of such compounds after the first biological treatment step.     

镇江市新区第二污水处理厂入网企业废水毒性试验

镇江市新区第二污水厂进水主要是新区化工园区的混合化工废水,针对生化系统经常遭受异常进水或毒性物质冲击的情况,提出了以耗氧速率(OUR)及COD去除率和硝化速率评价污水可生物降解性的方法,以提高活性污泥系统的处理效率和运行管理水平。研究结果表明,六类化工企业废水的毒性大小顺序为农药类﹥电子类﹥染料类﹥造纸类﹥橡胶类﹥酒精类。     

海上石油生产水的水生生态毒性

采用水生生态毒理学常用的大型蚤(Daphnia magma)和斑马鱼(Brachydaniorerio)以及毒性单位(Tua)法对渤海海上油田的石油生产水进行生态毒性评价和分级.结果表明,这些石油生产水对大型蚤和斑马鱼均表现出一定的毒性效应.其中,水样1和水样3的毒性较大,对大型蚤的Tua分别为151.52和70.96.而对斑马鱼的Tua分别为2.41和2.12.水样3虽经处理,但其生态毒性并未得到明显的改善.水样2对大型蚤和斑马鱼都属于低毒等级,其Tua依次分别为4.39和1.97.可见,大型蚤和斑马鱼可以作为海上石油生产永生态毒性的监测指标,但在生态风险评价中大型蚤比斑马鱼更为灵敏.     

基于A2/O处理工艺的生活污水的成组生物毒性评价

为了更加准确评估城市生活污水的综合生物毒性以及处理工艺对污水毒性的削减状况,本研究通过发光菌急性毒性、遗传毒性、雌激素活性检测方法对A~2/O工艺处理前后污水的毒性进行评价,同时通过斑马鱼暴露实验分析污水和回用水对水生生物内分泌干扰效应的作用模式.结果表明,污水厂进水具有较强的急性毒性、遗传毒性以及雌激素活性,水质较差.经二级生物处理后,上述毒性显著性降低,污水厂出水水质提高.但污水出水雌二醇当量为1.89 ng·L-1,仍可能会对受纳水体的水生生物产生潜在危害.浓缩2.5倍的水样导致雄性斑马鱼肝脏的卵黄原蛋白基因(vtg1)和雌激素受体基因(esr1)的表达水平显著上升,由此可以得出污水可通过干扰目的基因的表达来调控水生生物的内分泌活动.而esr1基因在肝脏的表达被抑制说明污水可能具有抗雌激素作用,同时反映进行生物毒性效应分析时应从多个组织或器官考虑,以获得比较全面的信息.     

Transformation of erythromycin during secondary effluent soil aquifer recharging: Removal contribution and degradation path

Erythromycin (ERY), a widely used antibiotic, has recently been detected in municipal secondary effluents and poses serious threats to human health during wastewater reusing. In this study, the removal, fate, and degradation pathway of ERY in secondary effluent during soil aquifer treatment was evaluated via laboratory-scale SAT tests. Up to a 92.9% reduction of ERY in synthetic secondary effluent was observed in 1.0 m depth column system, which decreased to 64.7% when recharged with wastewater treatment plant secondary effluent. XRD-fractionation results demonstrated that the transphilic acid and hydrophobic acid fractions in secondary effluent compete for the adsorption sites of the packed soil and lead to a declined ERY removal. Moreover, aerobic biodegradation was the predominant role for ERY removal, contributing more than 60% reduction of ERY when recharged with synthetic secondary effluent. Destruction of 14-member macrocyclic lactone ring and breakdown of two cyclic sugars (l-cladinose and d-desosamine) were main removal pathways for ERY degradation, and produced six new intermediates.     

医院污水处理中可吸附有机卤化物（AOX）及其毒性研究

对序批式膜生物反应器（MBR）处理前后医院污水中的AOX进行了比较,分析了c_Rt值对不同水质中AOX生成量的影响及相应的生物毒性.结果表明,序批式MBR对医院污水中AOX的去除率达到63.6％,其中膜截留占14.5％;要获得相同的c_Rt值,原污水所需的投氯量显著高于MBR出水,相应生成的AOX浓度也较高;通过曲线拟合发现,随着c_Rt的增长,医院原污水中AOX浓度呈指数增长,而MBR出水呈线性关系.以粪大肠杆菌为指示微生物,要达到医院污水微生物排放标准（GB 18466-2005）,医院原污水所需c_Rt为5.5 (mg·h)/L,而MBR出水只需c_Rt为0.007 5 (mg·h)/L,其相应的生物毒性分别为40.39 μg/L和8.96 μg/L (以K₂Cr₂O₇计),AOX浓度分别为607.1 μg/L和102.5 μg/L.     

UV/TiO2光催化过程对二级处理出水多重生物效应的削减特性研究

为了考察复杂体系的二级处理出水在UV光解及UV/TiO_2光催化反应过程中生物效应的变化,本文探究了反应前后发光细菌的荧光抑制毒性、SOS/umu遗传毒性、小球藻光合抑制效应3种生物效应的变化,并分析了物化指标的变化与生物效应之间的关系.结果表明,UV光降解过程并不能高效削减二级处理出水的荧光抑制毒性,但可以高效削减遗传毒性和光合抑制效应,其削减率分别达到61%和81%;在低辐照强度下,UV/TiO_2光催化过程对3种生物效应的削减率分别为38%、84%和80%.增大辐照强度后,3种生物效应的削减率进一步提高,尤其是荧光抑制毒性,其削减率可提高至62%.在UV光降解条件下,二级处理出水的遗传毒性、光合抑制效应与荧光强度、UV_(254)之间存在很好的线性关系;在UV/TiO_2光催化条件下,二级处理出水的3种生物效应都与荧光强度、UV_(254)之间具有很好的线性关系.这为二级处理出水生物效应的控制及生态安全的保障提供了一定的依据.     

工业废水为主的城市污水A/O工艺启动研究

文章研究了以工业废水为主的城市污水A/O处理工艺的启动。结果表明,水解酸化池的酸性出水经过曝气池氧化后,pH值基本稳定在7.41左右。随进水中工业废水比例的增加,水解酸化池的COD去除率明显下降,但曝气池的出水质量仍较好。氨氮的去除率起初下降,接着逐渐提升并趋于稳定,但总氮的去除率一直呈上升趋势。色度随工业废水比例的增加而增大,但出水色度一直维持在较好的水平。     

城市污水中的生物毒性及其臭氧削减效果研究

分别利用酵母双杂交和umu试验对5个城市9个污水处理厂进出水中生物遗传毒性和视黄酸受体(BAR)结合活性进行了调查.并考察了臭氧氧化对这两种生物效应的去除效果.结果表明,城市污水中存在不同程度的生物遗传毒性和视黄酸受体(RAR)结合活性,通过生物处理可以大幅削减污水中的RAR结合活性和生物遗传毒性,但污水厂出水中仍然普遍具有遗传毒性,部分残留RAR结合活性.5～10mg·L-1的臭氧可以有效削减二级出水中残留的BAR结合活性和遗传毒性,是一种有效的提高水质安全性的污水深度处理技术.     

Environmental surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater systems and related environments in Wuhan: April to May of 2020

Wastewater-based epidemiology(WBE) has emerged as an effective environmental surveillance tool in monitoring fecal-oral pathogen infections within a community. Congruently, SARS-Co V-2, the etiologic agent of COVID-19, has been demonstrated to infect the gastrointestinal tissues, and be shed in feces. In the present study, SARS-Co V-2 RNA was concentrated from wastewater, sludge, surface water, ground water, sediment, and soil samples of municipal and hospital wastewater systems and related envi...     

Effects of residual organics in municipal wastewater on hydrogenotrophic denitrifying microbial communities

Hydrogenotrophic denitrification is promising for tertiary nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater. To reveal the influence of residual organics in municipal wastewater on hydrogenotrophic denitrifiers, we adopted high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to examine microbial communities in hydrogenotrophic denitrification enrichments. Using effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant as water source, COD, nitrate and pH were controlled the same except for a gradient of biodegradable carbon (i.e., primary effluent (PE), secondary effluent (SE), or combined primary and secondary effluent (CE)). Inorganic synthetic water (IW) was used as a control. Hydrogenophaga, a major facultative autotroph, accounted for 17.1%, 5.3%, 32.7% and 12.9% of the sequences in PE, CE, SE and IW, respectively, implicating that Hydrogenophaga grew well with or without organics. Thauera, which contains likely obligate autotrophic denitrifiers, appeared to be the most dominant genera (23.6%) in IW and accounted for 2.5%, 4.6% and 8.9% in PE, CE and SE, respectively. Thermomonas, which is related to heterotrophic denitrification, accounted for 4.2% and 7.9% in PE and CE fed with a higher content of labile organics, respectively. In contrast, Thermomonas was not detected in IW and accounted for only 0.6% in SE. Our results suggest that Thermomonas are more competitive than Thauera in hydrogenotrophic denitrification with biodegradable organics. Moreover, facultative autotrophic denitrifiers, Hydrogenophaga, are accommodating to residual organic in effluent wastewater, thus we propose that hydrogenotrophic denitrification is amenable for tertiary nitrogen removal.     

某制药废水对发光细菌急性毒性的评价研究

采用发光细菌法测试某制药厂废水处理站工艺流程中5个节点废水的急性毒性.地下调节池水样EC50为3.44%,TUa为29,LID为625,为极强/高毒废水;地上调节池水样EC50为2.46%,TUa为41,LID为244,为极强/高毒废水;中间沉淀池水样EC50大于100%,LID=10,毒性较弱;二级沉淀池和总排放出口的废水EC50均大于100%,且LID均为1,无毒性.结果表明,现有处理工艺流程有效降低了制药废水对发光细菌的急性毒性,总排出口废水对发光细菌已经没有可见的生物毒性,达到相关制药废水排放标准.同时发现,低浓度废水对发光细菌的发光度不但没有抑制,反而有一定的增强作用.     

Chloramination of wastewater effluent: Toxicity and formation of disinfection byproducts

The reclamation and disinfection of waters impacted by human activities (e.g., wastewater effluent discharges) are of growing interest for various applications but has been associated with the formation of toxic nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs). Monochloramine used as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine can be an additional source of nitrogen in the formation of N-DBPs. Individual toxicity assays have been performed on many DBPs, but few studies have been conducted with complex mixtures such as wastewater effluents. In this work, we compared the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of wastewater effluent organic matter (EfOM) before and after chloramination. The toxicity of chloraminated EfOM was significantly higher than the toxicity of raw EfOM, and the more hydrophobic fraction (HPO) isolated on XAD-8 resin was more toxic than the fraction isolated on XAD-4 resin. More DBPs were also isolated on the XAD-8 resin. N-DBPs (i.e., haloacetonitriles or haloacetamides) were responsible for the majority of the cytotoxicity estimated from DBP concentrations measured in the XAD-8 and XAD-4 fractions (99.4% and 78.5%, respectively). Measured DBPs accounted for minor proportions of total brominated and chlorinated products, which means that many unknown halogenated compounds were formed and can be responsible for a significant part of the toxicity. Other non-halogenated byproducts (e.g., nitrosamines) may contribute to the toxicity of chloraminated effluents as well.     

好氧-缺氧一体化高效分离生物流化复合反应器

鉴于污水处理中对氮、磷去除率的要求和内循环三相生物流化床反应器存在的一些不足,为此,设计开发了一种好氧-缺氧一体化高效分离生物流化复合反应器。该反应器对好氧循环流化区采用了独特的分格结构,当反应器处理规模增大时,在不增加反应器总体高度的基础上,保证了循环流化区的高径比。循环流化反应器与高效气浮分离反应器的耦合,克服了循环流化床以沉淀原理为基础的固液分离效果不佳的状况,既可以保证出水水质,又可以实现反应器的一体化。通过气体提升方式实现了好氧出水回流,使该种反应器能够实现脱氮和部分除磷的目的。该反应器处理生活污水的初步试验结果表明它具有很好的抗冲击负荷和去除有机物的性能。     

Screening of agonistic activities against four nuclear receptors in wastewater treatment plants in Japan using a yeast two-hybrid assay

To assess the potential endocrine disruptive effects through multiple nuclear receptors(NRs),especially non-steroidal NRs,in municipal wastewater,we examined the agonistic activities on four NRs(estrogen receptor α,thyroid hormone receptor α,retinoic acid receptor α and retinoid X receptor α) of untreated and treated wastewater from municipal wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) in Japan using a yeast two-hybrid assay.Investigation of the influent and effluent of seven WWTPs revealed that agonistic activities...     

四种絮凝剂对印染废水生化出水强化混凝处理的比较研究

印染废水污染严重,通常经生化处理后出水依然难以达标,还需进行深度处理。采用4种絮凝剂(无机多元聚硅酸盐、双氰胺-甲醛缩合剂、硫酸铝及这三种絮凝剂的复合剂)对某印染厂废水的生化出水进行深度处理,并且利用气相色谱质谱仪(GC-MS),分子荧光光谱仪(EEM)对出水前后水样中的有机污染物进行了检测,并利用MTS法对四种絮凝剂去除印染废水生化出水的细胞毒活性进行絮凝剂安全评估。结果表明:处理后的水质指标均达到国家Ⅰ级排放标准,且复合剂对印染废水生化出水的处理效果最好(COD去除率37.5%、TOC去除率71.6%、色度由40降至25)。EEM结果表明,复合剂不仅对蛋白质和腐殖酸类物质的去除能力显著高于其他三种絮凝剂,而且能够去除的难降解类有机物种类也属最多(包括去除三甘醇,磷酸三丁酯等5种主要污染物)。其产生良好效果的原因在于无机絮凝剂电中和能力和有机高分子絮凝剂吸附架桥性能的协同作用。此外,细胞毒活性实验表明,在本实验条件下添加硫酸铝使印染废水生化出水细胞毒活性增加10.5%,其他三种絮凝剂则都在不同程度上使细胞毒活性减小。     

常州市典型工业废水综合急性毒性评估

以不同营养级别的藻(生产者)、溞(消费者)和发光细菌(分解者)为指示生物,在发光细菌急性毒性、大型溞急性毒性和叶绿素荧光急性毒性实验这三者的基础上,采用毒性分级体系(toxicity classification system)对常州市六种典型企业原水和处理出水的综合急性毒性进行了评估及比较。结果表明,六种典型企业原水都具有明显的急性毒性,电镀厂、食品厂和综合污水处理厂的处理出水基本无毒,毒性削减明显,但化工厂、印染厂和电子厂处理出水具有较高的急性毒性,而理化指标监测结果表明这六种处理出水可以直接排放。废水综合急性毒性大小和理化指标结果没有必然联系,应进一步完善理化监测指标,强制性增加生物毒性指标的监测。     

石化废水生化处理前后抗雌激素活性的变化

以某企业的石化废水处理工艺为对象,利用固相萃取-双杂交酵母法,对混入和未混入苯胺废水2种典型工况下进、出水的抗雌激素活性进行了研究,以了解不同性质废水的混合处理对石化废水抗雌激素活性的影响规律. 结果表明,现有的废水处理系统能有效降低有机物浓度,2种典型工况下溶解性有机碳(DOC)的去除率分别可达72%和74%,但生成了更具抗雌激素活性的物质. 在混入苯胺废水的工况下,出水的抗雌激素活性显著高于进水,为进水的2.8倍. 进一步研究废水中不同组分的抗雌激素活性发现,苯胺废水中的疏水性物质是导致出水抗雌激素活性升高的主要原因.