活性炭处理皂素废水及其再生的实验研究

采用活性炭对皂素废水进行吸附处理,研究了活性炭投加量、吸附时间及吸附次数对皂素废水色度去除率的影响.同时,研究了在微波辐照条件下,微波功率和辐照时间对吸附皂素废水后的活性炭脱附的影响.结果表明,当活性炭投加量为0.13g·mL-1时,吸附12h后皂素废水的色度去除率为96.17%.此条件下活性炭可以重复吸附皂素废水3次(按照色度去除率70%为限).当微波功率为500W、辐照时间为30min时,活性炭可被有效地再生,活性炭的再生率可达79.75%.     

活性炭吸附处理含乳化油矿井水试验研究

为考察活性炭吸附对乳化油的去除效果,分别采用煤质、木质和椰壳粉状活性炭进行对比试验研究。结果表明:矿井水原水油含量0.66 mg/L,采用煤质、木质及椰壳活性炭投加量60 mg/L、吸附30 min后,去除率分别为81.71%、63.13%和50.78%,煤质活性炭吸附效果优于木质和椰壳活性炭;试验得出的煤质活性炭弗伦德利希(Fruendlich)吸附等温式,吸附时间60 min,活性炭投加量46 mg/L时,出水含油量小于0.1 mg/L;活性炭投加量60 mg/L时,出水含油量小于0.05 mg/L,为实际工程应用提供设计工艺参数。     

花生壳活性炭对六价铬的吸附

研究了以花生壳为原料,采用氯化锌活化法制取活性炭的最佳工艺条件,通过单因素实验得出制备花生壳活性炭的最佳条件是:活化温度为500℃,活化时间为1h,花生壳与氯化锌溶液的料液比为1∶ 2,氯化锌溶液质量浓度为30%.通过正交实验得出了花生壳活性炭吸附处理六价铬的最佳工艺条件是:吸附温度45℃,吸附时间60min,振荡速率190r/min,活性炭用量为2g/L.对花生壳活性炭的再生以及与市售活性炭吸附性能的对比进行了一定的探讨.     

硫酸—微波法制备污泥活性炭研究

以污水厂剩余污泥为原料,采用微波辐照硫酸活化的方法制备污泥活性炭。微波功率、辐照时间和硫酸浓度对污泥活性炭吸附性能具有显著影响,在最佳工艺条件微波功率500W、微波辐照时间240s、硫酸浓度25%～30%条件下制得的活性炭碘值为476.25mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附量为12.20mg/g。     

咖啡渣制备活性炭工艺及其吸附性能

以咖啡渣为原料,采用真空热解及磷酸溶液辅助活化方式制备出活性炭,重点研究了不同活化参数对咖啡渣制备活性炭性能的影响.结果发现,咖啡渣热解自活化的最佳温度为450℃,在活化温度为600℃、真空度为-0.02 MPa、升温速率为20℃·min-1、活化时间为30 min、浸渍比为1.6条件下制备的活性炭吸附性能最佳,此时活性炭得率为27.1%,比表面积为1250 m~2·g~(-1),碘吸附值为1398.4 mg·g~(-1),亚甲基蓝吸附值为270.32 mg·g~(-1).最佳工艺条件下制备的活性炭吸附100 mg·L~(-1)的Cr(Ⅵ)试验表明,在投加量为7 g·L~(-1)、吸附时间为80 min、pH为3.0和吸附温度为15℃条件下,活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量最大,最大去除率为87%.     

厌氧氨氧化微生物的吸附、包埋固定化效果初探

以活性炭、陶瓷生化环、陶瓷生化球、珊瑚砂、火山石和生化棉为吸附固定化载体,以海藻酸钠(SA)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)制成的SA、PVA、PVA-SA和PVA-SA-活性炭小球为包埋固定化载体,研究了厌氧氨氧化微生物固定化的脱氮效果.结果表明,吸附固定化的大部分处理和包埋固定化的部分处理均能维持较高的厌氧氨氧化活性.吸附固定化脱氮效率优于包埋固定化,其中,活性炭吸附固定化脱氮效果最好,初期可以提高活性达30%以上.通过对活性炭吸附固定化的中长期连续运行监测发现,活性炭固定化第6次反应过程的厌氧氨氧化活性是对照的3.5倍.因此,活性炭吸附固定化还具有稳定持续的中长期效应,不失为一条有效提高厌氧氨氧化活性的固定化途径.     

活性炭吸附处理锂电池厂含酯废水及微波再生实验

采用活性炭吸附的方法对锂电池产生的含酯废水进行预处理,研究了吸附时间、初始pH值和活性炭投加量对废水COD去除的影响.吸附饱和后的活性炭用微波进行再生,考察了辐照时间、微波功率及再生次数对活性炭再生效果的影响.结果表明,当活性炭投加量为10g/L时,吸附60min,含酯废水的COD去除率为69.5%,可生化性从原水的0.05提高到0.25.当微波功率为420W、辐照时间为6min时,活性炭可被有效地再生,再生效率高达98.0%,活性炭损失率约为5.2%.再生前后活性炭的红外光谱图表明,活性炭表面官能团发生了变化,促进活性炭对污染物质的吸附.     

活性炭吸附处理锂电池厂含酯废水及微波再生实验

采用活性炭吸附的方法对锂电池产生的含酯废水进行预处理,研究了吸附时间、初始pH值和活性炭投加量对废水COD去除的影响.吸附饱和后的活性炭用微波进行再生,考察了辐照时间、微波功率及再生次数对活性炭再生效果的影响.结果表明,当活性炭投加量为10g/L时,吸附60min,含酯废水的COD去除率为69.5%,可生化性从原水的0.05提高到0.25.当微波功率为420W、辐照时间为6min时,活性炭可被有效地再生,再生效率高达98.0%,活性炭损失率约为5.2%.再生前后活性炭的红外光谱图表明,活性炭表面官能团发生了变化,促进活性炭对污染物质的吸附.     

氧化改性活性炭纤维吸附材料制备及其性能研究

目的 以不同浓度的双氧水溶液对活性炭纤维进行氧化改性,制备SO₂、NOx腐蚀气氛吸附材料。方法采用红外光谱、X射线衍射仪、X射线光电子能谱仪等表征方式,揭示双氧水改性对活性炭纤维孔隙结构、表面物理化学性质、吸附性能的影响,并将装有吸附材料的防护包装贮存于湿热海洋气候环境中,验证腐蚀气氛控制效果。结果 双氧水改性活性炭纤维后,其表面官能团未发生变化,比表面积先减小、后增大。改性后,活性炭纤维表面活性位点有所增加,对应的吸附性能显著增加,30%双氧水改性活性炭纤维对SO₂、NO₂、NO的饱和吸附量分别为100、153、128 mg/g,与改性前相比,分别提高了67%、180%、137%。应用吸附材料的防护包装内部腐蚀气氛浓度在3个月内几乎为0。结论 双氧水改性活性炭纤维具有良好的腐蚀气氛吸附性能,在长贮微环境中具有良好应用前景。     

吸附VOCs活性炭真空热再生及影响因素实验

活性炭的再生及循环利用对降低吸附法治理含VOCs废气的成本、减少危废产生量具有重要意义。采用真空热再生法对吸附乙酸乙酯的活性炭进行了再生实验,考察不同再生温度及保温时间对活性炭再生效果的影响及真空热再生法对活性炭的循环再生性能。结果表明:活性炭的损失率随再生温度升高而增大,并且当再生温度<200 ℃时,活性炭损失率最大仅0.7%;在最佳实验条件(200 ℃并保温30 min)下,乙酸乙酯脱附率达到93.8%,再生后活性炭的平衡吸附量为108.1 mg/g。比表面积及孔径分布显示,200 ℃以下的真空热再生对活性炭结构几乎无影响;300,400,500 ℃下真空热再生后活性炭的比表面积较新活性炭分别增加22,19,42 m2/g。在最佳再生条件下循环再生6次后,活性炭对乙酸乙酯的平衡吸附量达到新活性炭的97%,表明真空热再生法对活性炭具有良好的再生性能。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.