有机磷农药敏作用的初步研究

本文研究了有机磷农药甲基１６０５和毒死蜱对＾１Ｏ２探针性物质二乙基二硫醚，萜品烯及ＲＯＯ和ＲＯ探针性物质２，６－二叔丁基－４－甲基苯酚和１，２，３，４－四氢萘光降解的敏化作用。结果表明基态氧直接参与了ＤＥＳ和α－ｔｅｒｐ的光解；在甲基１６０５的作用下，１／Ｋｅｘｐｔｌ与「αｔｅｒｐ」的关系表明，α－ｔｅｒｐ的降解不为＾１Ｏ２历程。     

五氧化二钒类Fenton降解邻苯二甲酸二乙酯的机制研究

发展了基于五氧化二钒(V_2O_5)和过氧化氢(H_2O_2)的新型类Fenton体系,探索了此体系产生羟基(·OH)的机制及降解邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)的效率;并考察了V_2O_5投加量、H_2O_2浓度,以及草酸对DEP降解的影响。结果表明,当V_2O_5投加量为0.1 g·L-1,H_2O_2浓度为2.0 mmol·L-1,反应24 h后,对DEP(25 mg·L-1)的降解率可达61.1%,增加或降低V_2O_5投加量和H_2O_2浓度均不利于DEP的降解。利用电子顺磁共振技术(Electron Paramagnetic Resonance,EPR)耦合5,5-二甲基-1-吡咯啉氮氧化物(DMPO)为捕获剂对反应体系中的主导自由基进行鉴定,发现·OH是体系降解DEP的主要活性物种,利用苯甲酸作为探针分子实现了·OH的间接定量,并初步推测了V_2O_5活化H_2O_2的过程。     

酮洛芬在臭氧作用下的降解机制、产物及毒性

利用臭氧(O_3)氧化降解酮洛芬(KET),采用淬灭实验探究了实验过程中KET的降解机理,鉴定了降解中间产物,推测了其降解路径,并且对KET降解过程中的急性毒性进行了评价.结果表明,臭氧能有效降解KET,其降解符合一级动力学.降解过程中臭氧和羟基自由基(·OH)共同作用于KET.KET降解过程中生成了21种主要产物,其中包括3-乙基二苯甲酮、3-(1-过氧化氢乙基)-二苯甲酮、3-(1-乙酰基)-二苯甲酮等产物,降解路径包括羟基化、脱羧基、脱甲基、侧链氧化、酮基断裂等.明亮发光杆菌急性毒性实验表明KET降解过程中生成了较母体更高风险的中间产物.     

单萜烯臭氧化反应产物研究

利用气/质联用系统(GC/MS)分析研究了α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、△~3-蒈烯与臭氧的大气模拟反应,确定反应的主要产物分别为:2,2-二甲基-3-乙酸基环丁基乙醛(蒎酮醛),6、6-二甲基-双环[3,1,1]庚-2-酮(诺蒎酮),2.2-二甲基-3-(2-氧丙基)环丙基乙醛,对反应的机理进行了探讨。     

Al/H_2O_2体系氧化降解甲基橙

考察了Al/H_2O_2体系对甲基橙(MO)的氧化降解行为,探讨了Al粉、H_2O_2投加量、溶液初始pH以及共存阴离子等因素对MO降解的影响,并利用荧光光谱法通过证实·OH自由基的形成对降解机理进行了初步探讨.结果表明,Al/H_2O_2体系对MO的降解受溶液pH影响较大,在初始pH 3.0,铝粉投加量为4.8 g·L~(-1),H_2O_2投加量为7.2 mmol·L~(-1),对于含MO 20 mg·L~(-1)的染料废水,10 h MO降解率可达95.2%,而当初始pH3.5时,MO的降解被强烈抑制.无机阴离子(Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-)单独存在时,对Al/H_2O_2体系降解MO影响较小,MO降解率仍可达90.0%以上.无机阴离子(Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-)共同存在时,对Al/H_2O_2体系降解MO具有叠加效应,MO降解率仅达60.0%左右.Al/H_2O_2体系重复利用性能良好,对MO降解经7个周期后,降解率仍可达92.0%.降解机理研究表明,Al/H_2O_2体系氧化降解MO过程中,·OH发挥了主要作用.     

pH对不同来源溶解性有机质光致生成活性物种量子产率的影响

溶解性有机质(DOM)普遍存在于地表水中,DOM吸收太阳光可生成多种光致活性物种(RPS),如激发三线态DOM(~3DOM*)、单线态氧(~1O_2)和羟基自由基(·OH)等.这些RPS对污染物的降解具有重要作用.天然水p H改变可导致DOM的粒径、官能团和分子量等变化,但p H对DOM生成RPS的影响少有研究.本文在模拟日光条件下,采用分子探针的方法测定了提取的黄海海水DOM(L-DOM)和两种购于国际腐殖酸协会的DOM(NAFA和SRHA)在p H值为4.0、7.0和9.0条件下生成~3DOM~*,~1O_2和·OH的量子产率.结果表明,3种DOM均可光致生成RPS,L-DOM生成RPS的量子产率远高于SRHA和NAFA.p H对不同来源DOM生成RPS的量子产率的影响不同,其中对L-DOM的影响最为显著.本研究有助于揭示水中有机污染物的光化学转化动力学.     

高铁酸钾降解嗅味物质异佛尔酮的效能及机理

采用高铁酸钾降解水中典型嗅味物质异佛尔酮(IPO),考察了高铁酸钾投加量、溶液初始pH、IPO浓度、温度和反应时间等因素对IPO降解率的影响.采用响应面法进行多因素实验设计,利用二次多项式和逐步回归法拟合了IPO降解率、Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)与降解条件之间的关系,对降解条件进行了优化.采用GC-MS分析IPO的降解产物,探讨了IPO的降解机理.结果表明,高铁酸钾可以在1 min内迅速降解IPO. IPO降解率与高铁酸钾投加量正相关,与溶液初始pH负相关.在IPO初始浓度为6.0 mg·L~(-1)、溶液初始pH值为4.0、高铁酸钾投加量为0.9 g·L~(-1)、反应时间为5 min时,IPO降解率可达100%. Mn~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、NH~+_4和HCO~-_3等共存离子会抑制高铁酸钾对IPO的降解.高铁酸钾对IPO的氧化降解作用大于吸附、混凝的去除作用. GC-MS检测到的降解产物有4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮、5-异丙基-5-甲基二氢-2(3H)-呋喃酮和4-甲基-4-戊烯-2-酮等物质,推测高铁酸钾对IPO的降解途径主要是氧化、加氢和脱碳等.     

氧化铜活化过硫酸盐的界面反应机理

本文以苯酚为降解对象,系统性研究了氧化铜(CuO)活化过二硫酸盐(PDS)与过一硫酸盐(PMS)降解苯酚的界面反应机理.结果表明,CuO可高效活化PDS和PMS降解苯酚,电子顺磁共振(EPR)结果表明CuO/PDS体系中的活性物种有SO_4~(·-)、·OH和O_2~(·-),而CuO/PMS体系中主要存在O_~(·-)和~1O_2,猝灭实验结果表明CuO/PMS体系中O_2~(·-)起到了关键作用. CuO/PDS和CuO/PMS体系均可选择性降解具有给电子官能团的有机物.在CuO/PDS体系中,主要活化机理为富电子有机物通过取代表面羟基吸附于CuO表面,与CuO发生电子传递产生苯氧自由基,进一步可活化PDS和O_2产生SO_4~(·-)、·OH、O_2~(·-)等活性物种实现对有机物的降解.而在CuO/PMS体系中,PMS通过取代CuO表面羟基产生亚稳态中间体,与PMS及O_2~(·-)反应生成~1O_2实现对苯酚的降解,虽然体系中也存在与CuO/PDS体系中类似的苯氧自由基活化过程,但其对有机物降解的贡献较小.     

UV/SO_3~(2-)体系还原降解全氟辛烷磺酸及其影响因素

采用水合电子(e-aq)的还原技术降解水中的全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS).结果表明,不同体系PFOS降解的脱氟率如下:SO_3~(2-)/N_2UV/N_2UV/SO_3~(2-)/O2UV/SO_3~(2-)/AirUV/SO_3~(2-)/N_2,通过刃天青荧光探针实验证实与体系e-aq的生成量有关.PFOS降解的脱氟动力学满足PEK模型,其快反应与慢反应分别对应于PFOS支链异构体与直链异构体的降解.增加SO_3~(2-)浓度可提高PFOS的脱氟率,碱性条件下的脱氟效果明显优于酸性和中性条件.此外,反应温度的提升可进一步提高PFOS的脱氟率.通过对中间产物的监测表明,除了端基断裂和氟原子直接脱除的方式外,PFOS亦可通过中间C—C键断裂的方式发生降解,从而使得短链全氟丙酸(PFPr A)和全氟丁酸(PFBA)的浓度明显高于其它产物.     

Fe_2O_3微纳米材料对八氯萘的热催化降解及其机制研究

本文研究了制备的α-Fe_2O_3微/纳米材料对八氯萘(octachloronaphthalene,CN-75)的催化降解活性及降解机制.在300℃下动力学研究发现,α-Fe_2O_3降解CN-75的反应行为呈现准一级动力学反应特征,反应速率常数为0.075 min~(-1).在α-Fe_2O_3催化下CN-75能够发生逐级加氢脱氯反应,生成一系列的七氯至二氯萘产物,且初始加氢脱氯优先发生在α位.此外,CN-75还能发生氧化开环反应生成甲酸、乙酸等中间产物.根据检测到的降解产物推测CN-75在α-Fe_2O_3上的降解反应历程为:CN-75→CN-73→CN-66/67→CN-54、CN-52、CN-51、CN-50→……→HCOOH+CH_3COOH.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.