人口、资源与环境协调发展关键问题之一——环境承载力研究

坏境承载力是人口、资源与环境协调发展研究的重要内容,是协调经济发展与环境保护的关键所在。本文试图从环境承载力的定义与表示方法入手,通过对发展变量与限制变量及其间的关系的描述,探讨承载力的内涵与研究方法;同时以福建省湄州湾新经济开发区为例进行分析,提出其规划建议,为该区人口、资源与环境协调发展提供科学依据。     

云南省水资源承载力评价与时空分布特征研究

水资源承载力是衡量一个地区社会经济发展潜力的重要方面。选取水资源、社会、经济和生态环境评价指标，构建了区域水资源承载力综合评价模型；通过分析经济压力指数、人口压力指数、承载压力指数及协调指数，对云南省水资源的承载能力和利用状况进行评价，并探讨了其时空分布特征。结果表明：（1）云南省水资源与生产力布局、人口分布不协调，滇中地区经济相对发达，人口数量大，而水资源量较少，多属于轻度超载或濒临超载地区；（2）随着人口增加和经济发展，区域内水资源承载压力逐渐增大，如滇东北地区的昭通市由水资源承载适宜地区转变为水资源濒临超载地区，而滇西部地区的德宏市水资源承载力由承载盈余变为承载适宜；（3）从整体上看，目前云南省水资源利用率较低，工程性缺水问题较为突出。未来水利工程尤其是滇中引水等的建设及运行，将有效缓解水资源超载问题     

层次分析-熵值定权法在城市水环境承载力评价中的应用

从广义水环境承载力定义出发，建立水环境承载力评价指标体系;采用层次分析－熵值定权法和向量模法对武汉市水环境承载力进行评价，该定权方法采用层次分析法确定权重，同时又引入熵值法对权重进行修正，在一定程度上减少了主观影响。该方法使评价指标的赋权达到主观与客观统一，对水环境承载力的量化更加准确与合理。该方法构造简单，便于实现计算机编程，所以应用较为简单、方便。以武汉市为例，综合考虑资源环境以及社会经济发展，建立了一套指标体系，利用向量模法对指标进行量化，结果表明武汉市2006~2010年水环境承载力逐年增大，由0129 3增长到02411，表明近些年武汉市水资源、环境与社会经济的发展协调性较好。从3个准则层中可以看出，资源与环境对武汉市水环境承载力的影响较大；社会子系统承载力评价值逐年上升，且上升趋势较快；随着经济的加速发展，经济子系统承载力评价值呈逐年下降态势     

Model Modification and Application on Carrying Capacity of Relative Resources

Abstract

Based on the retrospection of researches on carrying capacity, this article reviewed systematically the research progresses on carrying capacity of relative resources (CCRR). Then the viewpoint was put forward that CCRR is not an appropriate method of appraising the regional sustainability, but a sound way to obtain cognition for coordinating spatial location and flow of population and economy. However, as the most popular computing method of CCRR, the Weighting Linear Sum Model is defective in the random of weight choice and the neglect of matching among different resources. Therefore, this article established the Geometric Model on CCRR based on modifying Weighting Linear Sum Model, which can be used to appraise regions where resources are close matching. Employing the Geometric Model, the article empirically analyzed the population and economic CCRR in Hubei Province from 1978 to 2006. The result indicates that the population in Hubei Province is overloading while the economic carrying capacity is abundant compared to the whole country, and the economic insufficiency restricts the population carrying capacity. In the future, Hubei Province will become one of the core developing zones which are characterized by economic conglomeration.     

Theoretical and Empirical Study on Urban Population Carrying Capacity: Case of Haidian District in Beijing

Abstract

The measurement of urban population carrying capacity is the basis for cities’ sustainable development. However, the traditional study on population carrying capacity which was based on food supply is not applicable to the single urban area. This paper built a model for the analysis of urban carrying capacity, and took Haidian District in Beijing as an example to calculate the urban carrying capacity of Haidian District in the future, which was the basis for the improvement of the population carrying capacity. This study would also provide a reference to the measurement of the urban population carrying capacity for other cities and districts in China.     

长江流域相对资源承载力与可持续发展研究

采用相对资源承载力的研究思路与计算方法，计算1988－1998年长江流域相对土地资源承载力、相对经济承载力和综合承载力及其变化过程。研究表明：（1）长江流域人口承载力从1988年到1998年一直处于超载状态，经济资源成为长江流域的主要承载资源；（2）相对资源承载力区域差异明显，上海、江苏2省市承载力一直处于富余状态，浙江从1993年起承载力处于富余状态；安徽、江西、湖南、湖北和川渝承载力一直处于超载状态；中上游地区自然资源是主要的承载资源，下游地区资源是主要的承载资源；（3）上游地区生态环境恶化，下游地区人地矛盾日益突出是长江流域可持续发展中存在的主要问题。     

环境承载力理论在区域规划环境影响评价中的应用

环境承载力分析是区域规划环境影响评价的评价方法之一。对环境承载力的合理分析，能够反映区域社会经济和资源环境的协调程度，准确地评估区域规划对环境造成的影响，使评价更具科学性。在环境承载力定义的基础上，通过建立一定的指标体系，结合发展变量与限制变量之间关系的描述，研究了区域环境承载力的利用强度，由此提出了一种更为直观的环境综合承载力量化方法——环境承载力综合指数。并将其应用到广州市南沙国际汽车城规划环境影响评价中，为该规划的进一步完善提出了合理的建议。该方法能够准确反映区域规划对环境的影响，为区域的协调发展提供科学依据。     

Climate capacity:the measurement for adaptation to climate change

This article proposed the concept of"climate capacity"as a way of measuring human’s adaptiveness to climate change.This article also focused on the related concepts like ecological carrying capacity,water resources carrying capacity,land carrying capacity as well as population carrying capacity.The concept of climate capacity was articulated against a background of global climate and environmental change.Essentially,China’s efforts to adapt to climate change was a matter of improving climate capacity,which is the ecosystem as well as the frequency,the intensity and the scale of human’s social activities that the climatic resources of a particular geographic area were supposed to support.The climate capacity has two components.One is the natural climate capacity,which includes temperature,sunlight,precipitation,extreme climatic events,etc.The other is the derived climate capacity,which includes water resources,land resources,ecological systems,climatic risks,etc.The climate capacity can be developed or be transferred between regions by taking engineering,technology or regime-based adaptive measures.However,these adaptive measures must be implemented under the principle of economic rationalism,ecological integrity,climate protection,and social justice.It is expected that by combining the climate capacity and its threshold value with the assessment of climate change risks,we are able to predict the optimal population carrying capacity and the scale of socioeconomic development,and furthermore,provide policy support for the socioeconomic development strategy and adaptive planning.In the regions with high climate capacity,there is a symbiotic relationship between adaptation and socioeconomic development.But,in the regions with limited climate capacity,irrational development may further damage the environment.Taking the Yangtze River delta,a region with high climate capacity,and a region of Ningxia,a region with limited climate capacity,as illustrative examples,the authors of this article analyzed the policy implications of climate capacity and further made suggestions on the problems of capacitylimited adaptation and development-driven adaptation.This article argued that the concept of climate capacity can not only be used as an analytical instrument of climate change economics,but also it can provide research support for planning regional adaptation and development with climate change impact and risk assessments.     

Analysis of Soil and Water Balance on the Land Arrangement Function

Abstract

The natural supply of land resources is limited, but the economic supply may change along with social and economic development, and its size is decided bye nature and social and economic body conditions. When the supplying ability of land resources threatens the development of society and the conflict between people and land becomes tense, it forced people to improve land utilization and to increase the effective supply of land resources. The paper made an overall consideration on the characteristics of the irrigated farming and the frail ecological environment in Fuhai County, Altay Area, Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region and explored land arrangement planning as well as water resource planning and environmental protection. The paper evaluated natural resources, land utilization and water resource of the case study areas and focused on the spatio-temporal balance between the utilization of water and land resources. In the end the paper a feasible plan was made out for the land arrangement project.     

武汉城市圈水资源及水环境承载力分析

水资源及水环境承载力是衡量区域可持续发展的一项重要指标,对区域经济的发展规划具有重要的指导意义。以可承载的人口数量和GDP作为承载力的表征指标,分别运用单位GDP综合用水量评判法和河流一维水质模型及湖库均匀混合模型计算武汉城市圈不同水平年的水资源及水环境承载力,并用承载度来评价水资源及水环境的承载状态。结果表明:2012、2020和2030年武汉城市圈水资源承载力都处于合理承载状态,但是其水环境承载力处于轻度超载状态。可见,水环境承载力对武汉城市圈的用水限制更为严格。随着社会经济的发展及污水处理技术的进步,水环境状况虽然会有所好转,但与水资源数量这一因素相比,水环境仍是制约武汉城市圈经济社会发展的关键因素。     

Coordinative Development in Population,Resources and Environment—China's Central Concern in Developing Science and Technology

Abstract

Population, resources and environment constitute the basis for economic and social advances. Their coordinative development is the key factor for the continuous, stable and harmonious development of economy and society. China is a developing country which needs to mobilize the whole society to coordinate among population, resources and environment and to keep publicity and research in pace so as to deepen people's understanding and improve the methods of achieving this coordination.     

No Sustainability without Technical,Fiscal and Social Innovation

Abstract

Migration process has become increasingly important in recent research on population and the environment. A majority of the existing migration and environment literature has focused on the environmental causes and determinants of migration. With the largest rural-to-urban migration flow in world history, and growing concerns about the environmental problems accompanying its fast economic development, China provides a particularly important case for migration and environment research. This paper reviews major migration theories and recent research on environmental effects on migration, with specific attention to the influences of environmental factors on rural-to-urban labor migration in China. A comprehensive multilevel conceptual framework is developed for studying the environmental causes of rural-to-urban migration in China. The effects of land resources on household labor migration decisions in rural China are explored to illustrate the application of this framework.     

资源环境承载力研究进展:基于地理学综合研究的视角

资源环境承载力作为连接社会系统、环境系统与经济系统之间的纽带,是协调人口、资源与环境相互联系、又彼此相对独立的矛盾统一体的关键所在。资源环境承载力是地理学综合研究的重要方向。综合性与区域性、人地关系是支撑其发展的重要理论框架。本文对国内外资源环境承载力的研究进展、存在问题和发展趋势进行了详尽的综述。国内外资源环境承载力研究经近百年发展,从最初的单一的土地资源承载力、水资源承载力甚至农业资源承载力发展到资源承载力、环境承载力以及生态环境承载力。近几十年,生态足迹、虚拟水、能值分析等综合研究理论与方法兴起,极大地推动了资源环境承载力研究的定量化和模式化。目前,资源环境承载力的研究面临着一系列新的要求和挑战。主要表现在:资源环境承载力理论基础、学科范式和方法体系尚需继续完善;若干关键科学问题(包括:尺度效应、关键阈值、变化机制等)亟待解答;基础研究需要与实践应用加强联系等等。在此基础上,本文主张从地理学综合视角重新审视资源环境承载力研究的理论框架和今后研究的优先主题。通过建构资源环境承载力的地理学综合研究范式,能够拓展资源环境承载力的理论深度和广度,有助于提升资源环境承载力在国民经济社会发展中的应用水平。本研究提出未来相关研究应围绕以下优先主题开展:(1)资源环境承载力关键要素的变化及驱动机制;(2)资源环境承载力综合评价的理论与方法;(3)资源环境承载力的动态监测与预警;(4)基于资源环境承载力的国土功能区划与管控;(5)重点区域的资源环境承载力的恢复与提升途径。     

Quantitative Appraisement on Ecological Carrying Capacity in Coastal Rapid Developing Region of Hainan Province

Abstract

The ecological carrying capacity, an important indicator to evaluate the sustainable development of the ecosystem, means the potential ability of the natural ecosystem to carry socioeconomic development while the ecosystem is healthy. It is limited by the carrying capacity of natural resources and environment and the elasticity of the ecosystem. It will be greatly significant to study the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province, the first ecological province admitted by the State Environmental Protection Administration in China. Not only is the natural ecosystem reflected, but also the effects of human activities are emphasized by integrating the ecosystem health analysis into the ecological carrying capacity research. The research results, using the Factor Analysis tools of software SPSS, indicate that the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province fluctuated obviously from 1996 to 2005. The level of the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province was relatively high in 1996, and reached into trough from 1997 to 1999. It has steadily ascended to be above the middle level since the 21st century. The results also show that policy factors, especially the implementation of the ‘Ecological Province’ strategy, were important driving forces to influence the ecological carrying capacity. With the population rapidly increasing, the land and water resources per capita have decreased quickly. The amount of the ecological carrying capacity was promoted remarkably by socioeconomic development especially economic growth and technology applications. All of these will provide useful suggestions to establish and enact regional development policies, especially for protecting and reconstructing the ecology and environment of Hainan Province.     

基于土地自然与经济双重属性的西部地区人口承载力测算

为明确我国西部土地人口承载力是否能够满足人口增长、经济发展和人民生活质量提高的需要，进而为土地利用规划和人口发展战略的制定提供依据，在综合考虑土地的自然属性和经济属性基础上，对我国西部地区2020年、2025年、2030年的人口承载力进行测算。采用统计模型分析与灰色预测的方法测算基于土地自然属性即食物生产能力的人口承载力，同时，从土地经济属性的角度，采用基于土地功能的产业活动关联法来测算人口承载力。最后利用短板分析法综合权衡两类基于土地不同属性角度的测算结果，确定西部地区实际的土地人口承载力，并与未来人口数量进行比较。测算结果显示：(1)从总体上看，2020年、2025年、2030年西部地区人口承载力分别是6.50亿人、6.73亿人、6.94亿人，而与之对应的未来人口数量是3.81亿人、3.87亿人、3.92亿人，即西部地区土地能供养的人口数大于未来人口数量；(2)从省级区域分布来看，其中大部分地区能满足未来人口增长的需要，内蒙古、广西、重庆、四川、宁夏、新疆等11省份的土地都能承载各省未来人口的发展，只有青海省人口承载力低于未来人口数量。这表明西部地区整体的土地承载力能满足人口发展所需，但存在区域不协调，青海省土地承载力与人口发展需求尚不匹配。     

经济发达城市人口承载力预测及其经济合理性评价——以无锡市区为例

在经济发达地区资源环境约束趋紧和经济发展转型背景下，开展人口规模预测研究对协调人口、资源、经济之间的关系具有积极意义。以无锡市区为例，核算土地资源人口承载力与不同时间阶段经济合理人口规模，分析土地资源人口承载量与经济合理人口规模之间的关系，解析未来人口发展趋势和影响因素。结果表明：无锡市区人口仍将稳步增加，外来人口仍将是常住人口增量的主体，但增速趋缓；2015、2020年经济合理人口分别约为404万和434万人，逐渐超出土地资源承载力所确定的402万人的合理人口规模；经济增长引起的就业人口的需求增长是导致人口总量增长的主要因素。未来需要通过产业结构调整、劳动生产率提升、公共服务设施完善等手段调控人口发展，以减轻资源环境压力和保障经济发展     

Conceptualizing Discourses on Ecological City and Its Planning

Abstract

Ecological city (eco-city) and its planning approach are emerging concepts in urban study, urban planning, ecological economics, environmental policy and corporate environmental management. However, opinions remain divided over the connotation and denotation of the term “ecological city”, what key issues ecocity planning can solve, and its specific contents. In this study, we present 10 basic propositions that define the eco-city and clarify its key parameters, thereby providing the basis for discussing the assumptions and principles underlying different approaches to sustainable urban development. We then summarize the concept and principles of an eco-city, and define the main requirements for ecocity planning. We conclude that an eco-city is a city in which the urban population, scale of land use and intensity of human activities are limited to the regional resource and environmental carrying capacity, which does not cause increasing or irreversible damage to the regional ecosystem’s structure, functions and processes.     

滇池流域生态承载力及系统耦合效应剖析

利用ENVI4.8和Arcgis9.3软件对2001~2010年的遥感影像数据进行处理和分析,计算得出各年份的生态承载力。结合相关年份的社会经济数据,同时根据滇池流域的实际情况提取18个分析指标,运用相关分析和回归分析方法,对滇池流域生态承载力以及其与生态环境系统、资源环境系统、社会经济系统3个子系统要素的耦合关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)2001~2010年滇池流域的总生态承载力和人均生态承载力呈快速下降趋势,降幅达37.3%;耕地生态承载力呈下降趋势最明显,下降幅度达52.61%,但建设用地的生态承载力上升幅度达27.08%。(2)滇池流域生态承载力与三大系统要素相关性较好,其耦合形态呈"J"、"L"型、"U"型和倒置的"S"型等。(3)对耦合形态的形成机理进行分析,其结果表明:城镇化、社会经济的发展以及流域内粗放型的经济增长方式对形成这种耦合形态的影响较大。     

巫山县生态承载力研究

由于三峡工程的开工建设,巫山县大量移民就地后靠,土地所承载的压力剧增,阻碍了巫山县社会经济的可持续发展。利用生态足迹原理和模型对巫山县2005~2010年土地生态承载力进行分析,并运用相关分析、主成分分析等方法将生态足迹指标与传统经济指标相结合,分析了巫山县社会经济的发展对生态足迹的驱动作用,为巫山县的生态建设及可持续发展提供依据及参考。结果表明：巫山县生态足迹呈现逐年增加的趋势,且近几年增加速度明显加快,而生态承载力则基本持平,人均生态赤字由2005年的1336 2 hm2增长至2010年的2194 2 hm2,说明巫山县对自然资源的消费远远超过了区域所能提供的资源供给,阻碍可持续发展。在此基础上本研究以巫山县2005~2010年的生态足迹时间序列作为模型因变量,并根据区域社会经济发展与生态足迹变化的作用机理选择了8个社会经济发展相关指标为自变量,建立多元线性回归模型。模型检验结果令人满意,并通过相关性分析、主成分分析等手段揭示了巫山县社会经济发展指标对人均生态足迹的强烈驱动作用     

产业资源相对承载力视角下民族地区产业发展与经济增长路径研究

使用1996—2014年我国民族8省区的面板数据,构建产业资源相对承载力模型及产业发展库兹涅茨曲线模型,对区域产业发展、经济增长、产业资源相对承载能力三者之间的关系及其动态变化进行分析。研究发现,我国民族地区三次产业综合资源相对承载力约为32 784.7万人,状态均小于0,呈富裕状态,平均富裕人口约13 817.53万人,平均富裕率高达72.82%。其中第一产业资源相对承载力对区域综合产业资源相对承载力平均贡献率为46.18%,第二产业资源相对承载力平均贡献率为44.38%,第三产业资源相对承载力平均贡献率为9.43%;第三产业资源相对承载力增长速度最快,增长率高达32.68%。产业发展初期,第一产业经济拉动效果最为显著。从产业持续发展与经济增长动态关系来看,第一产业发展呈"倒U型"库兹涅茨曲线关系;第二产业发展呈二次曲线正相关上升部分关系;第三产业发展呈"U型"曲线的关系。基于产业资源相对承载力视角,民族地区产业发展应当遵循如下发展路径:第一产业应当在保证粮食等必要初级产品供给安全的前提下,调整结构,以特色资源为引导,进一步扩大产业特色资源的规模效益;第二产业必须以转变发展方式为主要任务,走集约发展路线,以产业资源承载能力及生态承载力为红线,保持产业适度规模;第三产业发展应当以扩大规模,提高质量,提升产业资源承载能力为主要任务,充分释放产业资源的资本化能力,推动经济发展。