酸性硫酸盐环境中菌密度对生物成因次生铁矿物形成的影响

嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidans)促进次生铁矿物形成的现象在酸性煤矿废水(ACMD)的治理领域具有重要意义.本研究探索了A. ferrooxidans接种密度在酸性硫酸盐环境(9K培养基)中对Fe²⁺氧化率、总Fe沉淀率及矿物产生量的影响,同时考察了矿物合成体系矿相的变化情况.结果表明,当体系A. ferrooxidans接种密度为0.27×10⁶~5.40×10⁷ cells·mL^-1时,溶液中Fe²⁺需60~12 h氧化完全.培养至60 h,上述体系总Fe沉淀率分别达到10.7%~35.9%.不同接种体系Fe²⁺同时氧化完全时,沉淀单位质量Fe而转化的次生铁矿物量随着接种密度的增加而增大.例如,A. ferrooxidans接种密度分别为1.35×10⁶、2.70×10⁶、8.10×10⁶和1.62×10⁷ cells·mL^-1的处理在Fe²⁺同时完全氧化时刻,Fe沉淀率分别为17.6%、20.0%、24.1% 和26.5%,且沉淀1 g Fe转化的次生铁矿物量分别为2.04、2.10、2.17与2.27 g.结晶度较差的施氏矿物是次生铁矿物合成初期产生的唯一矿相,Fe²⁺完全氧化时,矿物相为施氏矿物与结晶度好的黄铁矾矿物的混合物.     

色氨酸对生物成因铁硫酸盐次生矿物形成的影响

采用氧化亚铁硫杆菌催化合成铁硫酸盐次生矿物,研究不同L-色氨酸添加浓度对矿物合成体系pH、氧化还原电位（ORP）、Fe²⁺氧化率、总Fe沉淀率,以及次生矿物产量、化学组成及矿物相的影响.结果表明,随着体系色氨酸浓度的增加,pH降低幅度越小,ORP上升越不明显.色氨酸对铁硫酸盐次生矿物合成的影响依赖于其浓度,当色氨酸浓度低于1.67 g·L^-1时,色氨酸对铁硫酸盐次生矿物的形成起促进作用,表现为总Fe沉淀率及矿物产量随着色氨酸浓度升高而增加.而当色氨酸浓度升高至6.67 g·L^-1时,Fe²⁺氧化率、总Fe沉淀率和矿物产量远低于对照组,表明高浓度色氨酸会抑制铁硫酸盐次生矿物的形成.次生矿物内Fe/S比介于施氏矿物和黄钾铁矾的理论值之间,表明不同合成体系所得次生矿物均为黄钾铁矾和施氏矿物的混合物.矿物学特征分析表明,随着色氨酸浓度的升高,矿物的合成表现为黄钾铁矾向施氏矿物转移.     

培养转速与镁离子对生物合成次生铁矿物的影响研究

探析培养转速与镁离子浓度对氧化亚铁硫杆菌生物合成次生铁矿物的影响对酸性矿山废水(AMD)治理具有一定的工程指导意义.本研究通过摇瓶实验,研究了Mg2+浓度分别为48与4.8 mg·L-1,其它元素组成与富含Fe与SO2-4的9K液体培养基一致的体系在180 r·min-1与100 r·min-1转速条件下氧化亚铁硫杆菌催化合成次生铁矿物过程.考察了不同次生铁矿物合成体系pH、Fe2+氧化率、总Fe沉淀率及次生铁矿物矿相等相关指标.研究结果表明,在180 r·min-1的培养条件下,Mg2+浓度分别为4.8与48 mg·L-1两体系培养48 h后,pH从原始的2.50分别降低至2.07与2.12,Fe2+均可在48 h内实现完全氧化.Fe2+完全氧化时,Mg2+浓度为4.8 mg·L-1体系总Fe沉淀率为37.4%,合成的次生铁矿物均匀分散于溶液中,而Mg2+浓度为48 mg·L-1体系中,总铁沉淀率仅为31.7%,且70%的矿物牢固粘附于摇瓶底部.培养转速为100 r·min-1时,Mg2+浓度分别为4.8与48 mg·L-1两体系经过72 h培养后,pH均从原始的2.50降低至2.21与2.17.Fe2+需要72 h才能被完全氧化,两体系总Fe沉淀率分别仅为21.3%与23.0%,产生的次生铁矿物几乎全部牢固粘附于摇瓶底部.本研究所有体系产生的次生铁矿物均为黄铁矾与施氏矿物的混合物.研究结果可为生物合成次生铁矿物工艺的优化及其在酸性矿山废水治理领域的有效应用提供必要的参数支撑.     

KOH对富铁富硫酸盐酸性环境中生物成因次生铁矿物合成的影响

生物成因次生铁矿物的高效合成对处理以富铁富硫酸盐为典型环境特征的酸性矿山废水具有重要的工程指导意义.本研究通过细菌培养实验,在富铁富硫酸盐环境(改进型9K液体培养基)中,考察了KOH对嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidans)催化合成次生铁矿物过程中体系p H、Fe2+氧化率、总Fe沉淀率及次生铁矿物矿相的影响.结果表明,A.ferrooxidans在改进型9K培养基(对照处理)中培养72 h后,p H从原始的2.50下降至2.34,而在对照处理分别加入3.3、6.7与13.4 mmol·L-1KOH的处理体系中培养72 h后,p H却分别降低至2.27、2.15与2.10.同时,KOH的加入能够在一定程度上加速Fe2+的氧化速率及总Fe的沉淀效率.例如,培养至24 h,加入3.3、6.7和13.4 mmol·L-1KOH的处理体系较对照体系Fe2+氧化率分别提高了12.1%、20.3%和23.2%.培养至72 h,加入3.3、6.7和13.4 mmol·L-1KOH的处理体系较对照体系总Fe沉淀率分别增加了26.0%、60.4%和71.8%.通过分析加入6.7 mmol·L-1KOH或3.3 mmol·L-1K2SO4处理体系上述参数的变化情况,可以得出,KOH加速体系酸化、提高Fe2+氧化率及总Fe沉淀率是K+与OH-联合作用所致.本研究不同体系所得次生铁矿物均为黄铁矾与施氏矿物共存的混合物,然而,KOH引入的K+或OH-均有利于体系无定型施氏矿物向晶型黄铁矾类矿物转化.研究结果可为次生铁矿物生物合成及其在酸性矿山废水治理领域的应用提供必要的参数支撑.     

嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌休止细胞保存时间及循环利用对施氏矿物生物合成的影响

利用嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称A.ferrooxidans)休止细胞促进FeSO4形成的施氏矿物具有纯度高比表面积大的特点,对去除水环境中有毒重(类)金属有重要作用.为提供施氏矿物规模化生产优化参数,本研究通过摇瓶试验探讨了休止细胞保存时间对其活力的影响,以...     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌对黄铜矿的生物氧化研究

针对矿区硫化矿氧化产生的酸性矿山废水(AMD)对生态环境造成严重影响的问题,以矿区常见的黄铜矿(CuFeS2)为研究对象,采用已筛选的氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称A.f菌)为实验菌株,探讨在A.f菌作用下黄铜矿的氧化过程。实验结果表明,A.f菌可显著促进黄铜矿的氧化,第18天有菌体系中的铜离子浓度是无菌体系中的5倍;同时细菌可促进溶液中Fe2+氧化为Fe3+,使氧化还原电位升高,从而对黄铜矿保持较高的氧化速率,并导致体系的pH值降低;还发现黄铜矿的氧化过程中可形成中间产物方黄铜矿(CuFe2S3),而细菌氧化还可产生硫磷化钴(CoPS),中间产物的形成并没有明显延缓黄铜矿的氧化速率;生物氧化可造成矿样表面侵蚀多坑,可能是细菌对黄铜矿的直接氧化作用造成的。由于黄铜矿的生物氧化明显控制其氧化进程,抑制黄铜矿的生物氧化对酸性矿山废水的源头治理具有十分重要的意义。     

三种次生矿物固定A. ferrooxidans的Fe2+氧化及成矿性能比较

氧化亚铁硫杆菌（A.ferrooxidans）介导的生物矿化方法促使可溶性Fe向次生铁矿物转变对酸性矿山废水（AMD）治理具有重要意义.化能自养菌A.ferrooxidans易受水流冲击而流失,常采用固定化方式来提高菌密度,从而保证较高的Fe²⁺氧化和成矿速率以满足实际需要.本研究在相同初始条件下（pH=2.30、Fe²⁺浓度4.48g/L、A.ferrooxidans密度8×10⁶cells/mL）生物合成固定有A.ferrooxidans的施氏矿物、黄钾铁矾和黄铵铁矾,比较矿物溶解前（固定态）和溶解后（游离态）A.ferrooxidans的Fe²⁺氧化性能,并分析各矿物对A.ferrooxidans的固定能力.结果表明,生物成因次生铁矿物干重排序为施氏矿物（0.24g） < 黄铵铁矾（0.35g） < 黄钾铁矾（0.67g）,但矿物固定A.ferrooxidans的能力却依次为施氏矿物 > 黄铵铁矾 > 黄钾铁矾.以游离态A.ferrooxidans的Fe²⁺氧化速率作为参比,推算出本研究所得施氏矿物、黄铵铁矾、黄钾铁矾固定A.ferrooxidans的有效生物量依次为5.33×10⁷~ 5.33×10⁸,5.72×10⁶~5.72×10⁷,6.35×10⁶cells/g（干基）.次生铁矿物载体有效生物量不仅直接影响AMD体系中Fe²⁺氧化速度,也间接决定了总Fe的矿化去除效果.     

生物成因与化学成因施氏矿物的合成、表征及其对As(Ⅲ)的吸附

羟基硫酸铁矿物Schwertmannite(简称施氏矿物)作为一种新型环境矿物材料对重金属的迁移和钝化有重要作用.借助X射线衍射(XRD)、电镜扫描(SEM)、离子色谱(Ic)及比表面积测定仪(BET)等方法对H2O2氧化亚铁(化学法)和氧化亚铁硫杆菌氧化亚铁(生物法)合成的矿物成分、结构和比表面积进行了分析与表征,同...     

FeSO_4-K_2SO_4-H_2O体系中Fe/K摩尔比对生物成因羟基硫酸铁矿物质量的影响及环境意义

在FeSO4-K2SO4-H2O的嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌催化氧化体系中,当起始Fe2+浓度分别为20、40、80和160mmol.L-1时,通过设定系列Fe/K摩尔比(3~200)来调控溶液的K+含量,合成得到次生羟基硫酸铁矿物,主要包括施威特曼石、黄钾铁矾以及两者的混合物.结果表明,当起始Fe2+浓度较低,如20mmol.L-1和40mmol.L-1时,72h反应后,不同Fe/K摩尔比处理所得矿物质量很少,最大只有0.38g.而随着Fe2+浓度增大,Fe/K摩尔比例的减小,矿物质量明显增加,例如在Fe2+=160mmo.lL-1、Fe/K=3时,250mL体系中矿物质量达到了4.48g,同时矿物相由结晶度差的施威特曼石逐渐过渡到结晶度好的黄钾铁矾.笔者发现矿物质量与矿物相有非常密切的关系,当产物为晶型黄钾铁矾时,其对应的矿物质量也更多.因此,微生物成因羟基硫酸铁矿物质量在很大程度上取决于起始Fe2+浓度和Fe/K摩尔比,该现象对去除酸性矿山废水中可溶性Fe和SO24-有潜在意义.     

富铁酸性硫酸盐体系施氏矿物附着包裹硫杆菌的Fe2+氧化能力研究

探究富铁酸性硫酸盐体系次生铁矿物附着包裹硫杆菌的Fe~(2+)氧化活性,对揭示次生铁矿物调控酸性矿山废水形成过程具有指导意义.本研究首先采用摇瓶实验合成次生铁矿物—施氏矿物,然后将脱水后的0.1、0.2、0.3及0.4 g施氏矿物直接或溶解后加入到pH为2.50的富铁酸性硫酸盐体系(改进型9K液体培养基)中进行Fe~(2+)氧化,分析体系pH、Fe~(2+)氧化率、次生铁矿物产生量等相关指标.研究表明,氧化亚铁硫杆菌在脱水施氏矿物的附着包裹量为2×10~8cells·g~(-1).0.1、0.2、0.3及0.4 g施氏矿物直接加入体系经过108 h培养,pH分别下降至2.28、2.25、2.24及2.22;Fe~(2+)氧化速率随着施氏矿物加入量的增加而增加,且各体系Fe~(2+)氧化率在108 h均达到100%,此时次生铁矿物产生量分别是3.05、3.30、3.61与3.70 g·L~(-1).然而,0.1、0.2、0.3及0.4 g施氏矿物溶解后进入的相应体系经过108 h培养后,pH分别下降至2.19、2.18、2.10及2.02;Fe~(2+)氧化速率随着施氏矿物溶解量的增加而增加,各体系Fe~(2+)氧化率在96 h均达到100%,各体系次生铁矿物在108 h时的产生量分别是6.16、6.44、6.76与7.89 g·L~(-1).可见,施氏矿物对硫杆菌的吸附包裹作用致使体系Fe~(2+)氧化效率降低,次生铁矿物合成量减少,酸化程度减弱.     

Removal of formaldehyde over MnxCe1-xO2 catalysts: Thermal catalytic oxidation versus ozone catalytic oxidation

MnxCe1- xO2（x： 0.3–0.9） prepared by Pechini method was used as a catalyst for the thermal catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde（HCHO）. At x = 0.3 and 0.5, most of the manganese was incorporated in the fluorite structure of Ce O2 to form a solid solution. The catalytic activity was best at x = 0.5, at which the temperature of 100% removal rate is the lowest（270°C）. The temperature for 100% removal of HCHO oxidation is reduced by approximately 40°C by loading 5 wt.% Cu Oxinto Mn0.5Ce0.5O2. With ozone catalytic oxidation, HCHO（61 ppm） in gas stream was completely oxidized by adding 506 ppm O3 over Mn0.5Ce0.5O2 catalyst with a GHSV（gas hourly space velocity） of 10,000 hr-1at 25°C. The effect of the molar ratio of O3 to HCHO was also investigated. As O3/HCHO ratio was increased from 3 to 8, the removal efficiency of HCHO was increased from 83.3% to 100%. With O3/HCHO ratio of 8, the mineralization efficiency of HCHO to CO2 was 86.1%. At 25°C, the p-type oxide semiconductor（Mn0.5Ce0.5O2） exhibited an excellent ozone decomposition efficiency of 99.2%,which significantly exceeded that of n-type oxide semiconductors such as Ti O2, which had a low ozone decomposition efficiency（9.81%）. At a GHSV of 10,000 hr-1, [O3]/[HCHO] = 3 and temperature of 25°C, a high HCHO removal efficiency（≥ 81.2%） was maintained throughout the durability test of 80 hr, indicating the long-term stability of the catalyst for HCHO removal.     

Biodegradation of organochlorine pesticide endosulfan by bacterial strain Alcaligenes faecalis JBW4

The recently discovered endosulfan-degrading bacterial strain Alcaligenesfaecalis JBW4 was isolated from activated sludge. This strain is able to use endosulfan as a carbon and energy source. The optimal conditions for the growth of strain JBW4 and for biodegradation by this strain were identified, and the metabolic products of endosulfan degradation were studied in detail. The maximum level of endosulfan biodegradation by strain JBW4 was obtained using broth at an initial pH of 7.0, an incubation temperature of 40℃ and an endosulfan concentration of I00 mg/L. The concentration of endosulfan was determined by gas chromatography. Strain JBW4 was able to degrade 87.5% of α-endosulfan and 83.9% of β-endosulfan within 5 days. These degradation rates are much higher than the previously reported bacterial strains. Endosulfan diol and endosulfan lactone were the major metabolites detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; endosulfan sulfate, which is a persistent and toxic metabolite, was not detected. These results suggested that A. faecalis JBW4 degrades endosulfan via a non-oxidative pathway. The biodegradation of endosulfan by A. faecalis is reported for the first time. Additionally, the present study indicates that strain JBW4 may have potential for the biodegradation of endosulfan residues.     

Ciprofloxacin adsorption from aqueous solution onto chemically prepared carbon from date palm leaflets

A chemically prepared carbon was synthesized from date palm leaflets via sulphuric acid carbonization at 160℃. Adsorption of ciprofloxacin (CIP) from aqueous solution was investigated in terms of time, pH, concentration, temperature and adsorbent status (wet and dry). The equilibrium time was found to be 48 hr. The adsorption rate was enhanced by raising the temperature for both adsorbents, with adsorption data fitting a pseudo second-order model well. The activation energy, E_a, was found to be 17 kJ/mol, indicating a diffusion-controlled, physical adsorption process. The maximum adsorption was found at initial pH 6. The wet adsorbent showed faster removal with higher uptake than the dry adsorbent, with increased performance as temperature increased (25-45℃). The equilibrium data were found to fit the Langmuir model better than the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. The adsorption mechanism is mainly related to cation exchange and hydrogen bonding.     

Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas sp. JM2 isolated from active sewage sludge of chemical plant

It is important to screen strains that can decompose polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) completely and rapidly with good adaptability for bioremediation in a local area. A bacterial strain JM2, which uses phenanthrene as its sole carbon source, was isolated from the active sewage sludge from a chemical plant in Jilin, China and identified as Pseudomonas based on 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Although the optimal growth conditions were determined to be pH 6.0 and 37℃, JM2 showed a broad pH and temperature profile. At pH 4.5 and 9.3, JM2 could degrade more than 40% of fluorene and phenanthrene (50 mg/L each) within 4 days. In addition, when the temperature was as low as 4℃, JM2 could degrade up to 24% fluorene and 12% phenanthrene. This showed the potential for JM2 to be applied in bioremediation over winter or in cold regions. Moreover, a nutrient augmentation study showed that adding formate into media could promote PAH degradation, while the supplement of salicylate had an inhibitive effect. Furthermore, in a metabolic pathway study, salicylate, phthalic acid, and 9-fluorenone were detected during the degradation of fluorene or phenanthrene. In conclusion, Pseudomonas sp. JM2 is a high performance strain in the degradation of fluorene and phenanthrene under extreme pH and temperature conditions. It might be useful in the bioremediation of PAHs.     

Arsenic removal from groundwater by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions

Arsenic in the environment is attracting increasing attention due to its chronic health effects. Although arsenite(As(III)) is generally more mobile and more toxic than arsenate(As(V)), reducing As(V) to As(III) may still be a means for decontamination, because As(III) can be removed from solution by precipitation with sulfide or by adsorption or complexation with other metal sulfides. The performance of As(V) bio-reduction under autohydrogenotrophic conditions was investigated with batch experiments. The results showed that As(V) reduction was a biochemical process while both acclimated sludge and hydrogen were essential. Most of the reduced arsenic remained in a soluble form, although 20% was removed with no addition of sulfate, while 82% was removed when sulfate was reduced to sulfide. The results demonstrated that the reduced arsenic was re-sequestered in the precipitates, probably as arsenic sulfides. Kinetic analysis showed that pseudo first-order kinetics described the bio-reduction process better than pseudo second-order. In particular, the influences of pH and temperature on As(V) reduction by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions and total soluble As removal were examined. The reduction process was highly sensitive to both pH and temperature, with the optimum ranges of pH 6.5–7.0 and 30–40°C respectively. Furthermore, Arrhenius modeling results for the temperature effect indicated that the As(V) reduction trend was systematic. Total soluble As removal was consistent with the trend of As(V) reduction.     

共生细菌对盐生小球藻亚砷酸盐代谢的影响

为探讨共生细菌对盐生小球藻（Chlorella salina）亚砷酸盐（As（III））富集和形态转化的影响,从C.salina培养液中分离培养出一株共生细菌,并采用抗生素处理C.salina获得无菌藻,设置0,75,150,300,750 μg/LAs（III）溶液处理带菌和无菌的C.salina,7d后测定C.salina对As（III）的吸收、吸附和富集量,以及培养液和藻细胞内As的形态,计算带菌和无菌C.salina对As（III）的氧化率和去除率;使用不同浓度的As（III）处理共生细菌7d,并以300μg/L的As（III）处理共生细菌不同时间,计算两种情况下共生细菌对培养液中As（III）的氧化率和去除率.结果表明：C.salina的共生细菌为根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens WB-1）;与无菌C.salina相比,带菌C.salina生长更快、对As（III）的耐性更强.带菌C.salina对As（III）的富集量为103.10~448.12mg/kg、氧化率为78.93%~96.88%、去除率为18.92%~55.21%,显著高于无菌C.salina的富集量（11.68~91.39mg/kg）、氧化率（14.46%~26.39%）和去除率（12.82%~29.15%）,也高于A.tumefaciens WB-1对As（III）的氧化率（4.51%~30.61%）和去除率（1.86%~16.19%）.此外,带菌C.salina胞内还检测到少量的As（III）和甲基砷,而在无菌C.salina胞内没有甲基砷存在.共生细菌促进了盐生小球藻对As（III）的富集和形态转化.     

Citrobacter sp.EBS8对施氏矿物和黄钾铁矾的还原溶解及相转化行为的影响

铁硫酸盐次生矿物广泛存在于酸性矿山废水（AMD）污染流域沉积物中,是多种有毒有害重金属的沉淀库.硫酸盐还原菌对矿物的还原作用可破坏矿物的稳定性从而引起共沉淀重金属的释放.在前期研究中发现柠檬酸杆菌Citrobacter sp.存在于AMD流域沉积物中,且在还原条件下具有较强的硫酸盐还原能力.因此,探究其对铁硫次生矿物的还原溶解及矿物晶相转化行为的影响尤为重要.本研究选取矿区沉积物中典型的铁硫次生矿物施氏矿物和黄钾铁矾为研究对象,在实验室条件下考察了从AMD污染沉积物中筛选到的菌株Citrobacter sp.EBS8对矿物的还原溶解及相转化的影响.结果表明,在缺氧、中性pH及电子供体足量时,在EBS8的作用下施氏矿物和黄钾铁矾均出现了明显的还原溶解现象.菌株EBS8可利用乳酸盐作为电子供体还原SO₄^2-和Fe（III）.SEM结果显示,施氏矿物在反应初期出现表面毛刺不平现象,黄钾铁矾发生由外向内的逐层溶解,矿物转化过程中都出现空壳形貌.XRD检测到施氏矿物组的主要转化产物为菱铁矿和蓝铁矿,黄钾铁矾体系中主要是蓝铁矿和马基诺矿.这些结果有助于了解AMD污染沉积物中铁硫酸盐矿物的转化行为及为AMD污染治理提供理论支撑.     

碳酸盐岩对Fe2+生物氧化及铁矿物合成的影响

利用从高硫煤矸石堆场浸出液中培养驯化获得的氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,A.f）,通过静态实验,探讨添加不同量的碳酸盐岩对酸性硫酸盐体系中Fe²⁺生物氧化速率及次生铁矿物合成的影响.结果表明：添加10 g和30 g碳酸盐岩不会对体系中pH、氧化还原电位（ORP）和Fe²⁺生物氧化速率产生明显影响,但总铁（TFe）的去除率可从37%分别提高到55%和62%,矿物生成量也从8.17 g·L^-1分别增加到12.03 g·L^-1和13.69 g·L^-1;同时,体系中合成的次生铁矿物相与不加碳酸盐岩时无明显变化,主要为黄铁矾和施氏矿物的混合物.随着碳酸盐岩添加量增至50、70和90 g时,体系pH快速上升,Fe²⁺生物氧化速率受到抑制,并产生大量结晶程度较好的硫酸钙,形成的铁矿物主要为纤铁矿或针铁矿.而适量的碳酸盐岩添加可使体系中产生Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺,从而影响次生铁矿物的合成.因此,在以碳酸盐岩为反应介质的酸性矿山废水处理工艺设计中,可通过添加A.f菌并控制碳酸盐岩投加量,强化系统中Fe²⁺生物氧化及次生矿物的合成,从而进一步提高反应系统对TFe的去除效果.     

Effect of temperature on anoxic metabolism of nitrites to nitrous oxide by polyphosphate accumulating organisms

Temperature is an important physical factor, which strongly influences biomass and metabolic activity. In this study, the effects of temperature on the anoxic metabolism of nitrite(NO-2) to nitrous oxide(N2O) by polyphosphate accumulating organisms, and the process of the accumulation of N2O(during nitrite reduction), which acts as an electron acceptor, were investigated using 91% ± 4% Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis sludge. The results showed that N2O is accumulated when Accumulibacter first utilize nitrite instead of oxygen as the sole electron acceptor during the denitrifying phosphorus removal process. Properties such as nitrite reduction rate, phosphorus uptake rate, N2O reduction rate, and polyhydroxyalkanoate degradation rate were all influenced by temperature variation(over the range from 10 to 30°C reaching maximum values at 25°C). The reduction rate of N2O by N2O reductase was more sensitive to temperature when N2O was utilized as the sole electron acceptor instead of NO2, and the N2O reduction rates, ranging from 0.48 to 3.53 N2O-N/(hr·g VSS), increased to 1.45 to 8.60 mg N2O-N/(hr·g VSS). The kinetics processes for temperature variation of 10 to 30°C were(θ1 = 1.140–1.216 and θ2= 1.139–1.167). In the range of 10°C to 30°C, almost all of the anoxic stoichiometry was sensitive to temperature changes. In addition, a rise in N2O reduction activity leading to a decrease in N2O accumulation in long term operations at the optimal temperature(27°C calculated by the Arrhenius model).     

A novel colorimetric method for field arsenic speciation analysis

Accurate on-site determination of arsenic (As) concentration as well as its speciation presents a great environmental challenge especially to developing countries. To meet the need of routine field monitoring, we developed a rapid colorimetric method with a wide dynamic detection range and high precision. The novel application of KMnO₄ and CH₄N₂S as effective As(Ⅲ) oxidant and As(V) reductant, respectively, in the formation of molybdenum blue complexes enabled the differentiation of As(Ⅲ) and As(V). The detection limit of the method was 8 μg/L with a linear range (R² = 0.998) of four orders of magnitude in total As concentrations. The As speciation in groundwater samples determined with the colorimetric method in the field were consistent with the results using the high performance liquid chromatography atomic fluorescence spectrometry, as evidenced by a linear correlation in paired analysis with a slope of 0.9990-0.9997 (p < 0.0001, n = 28). The recovery of 96%-116% for total As, 85%-122% for As(Ⅲ), and 88%-127% for As(V) were achieved for groundwater samples with a total As concentration range 100-800 μg/L. The colorimetric result showed that 3.61 g/L As(Ⅲ) existed as the only As species in a real industrial wastewater, which was in good agreement with the HPLC-AFS result of 3.56 g/L As(Ⅲ). No interference with the color development was observed in the presence of sulfate, phosphate, silicate, humic acid, and heavy metals from complex water matrix. This accurate, sensitive, and easy-to-use method is especially suitable for field As determination.