城市生活垃圾产量预测模型

分析了昆明市1996——2001年度每年垃圾产生量的数据，由此提出了可应用于南方城市垃圾产量预测的GM(1，1)SSODMM灰色模型。通过几次迭代后，该模型可对非升凹或升凸的原始数据进行较为准确预测，且精度令人满意。计算结果表明通过三次迭代后该模型对昆明城市生活垃圾进行预测的精度达到一级。     

灰色系统理论对我国垃圾产量的预测

为了给城市环境规划提供理论依据,需要对城市生活垃圾产量进行预测,以期揭示其变化规律和发展趋势,提出了预测模型,并进行分析研究。模型充分考虑了影响垃圾产量的多种因素,并通过灰色关联度分析,选取与垃圾产量最为相关的5个因素,建立了包括多个因素指标的GM(1,1)预测模型。该模型考虑了城市生活垃圾产量的主要影响因素,得到的拟合数据比较理想,预测模型和结果也更为合理可信。     

无废城市建设场景下LightGBM垃圾产量预测模型构建

中国于2018年提出“无废城市”建设试点工作方案。通过对某试点研究区域调研发现,近年来当地生活垃圾产量呈现高出城市人口发展速度,且呈非线性快速增长趋势。传统的预测手段已经无法满足当地垃圾产量的精细化管理需求,难以将当地垃圾处理能力的发展与产量增加的趋势相协调。因此,基于社会多元数据,构建对研究区域整体垃圾总产量预测的模型研究方案。通过将灰色关联分析算法与LightGBM机器学习算法结合,获得了多元社会数据中与研究区域垃圾产生增长关联最为密切的几类特征数据,以进行机器学习模型构建与交叉验证调优,获得了MAE为1.48,MAPE为15.42%的生活垃圾产量精准预测模型。最终利用该模型预测,2025年该地的生活垃圾产量将达到17.23万t/a。     

东营市城市生活垃圾污染防治规划

随着经济的发展和生产生活的需要,城市生活垃圾产量急剧增加,生活垃圾污染防治规划变得日趋重要。通过对东营市城市生活垃圾的现状分析,运用人口、人均日垃圾量双因素法和BP法对生活垃圾产量及成分进行预测,在此基础上进行合理地规划。试图为探讨适合中小城市发展的城市生活垃圾污染防治规划模型研究的进一步开展提供有益的参考。     

城市生活垃圾成份和产量的统计分析

本文报道了全国城市生活垃圾成份和人均日产量,不同行业的垃圾成份以及几种不同影响因素对垃圾成份和产量的影响。并用计算机进行了统计分析,建立了全国城市垃圾成份和产量的数学模型。     

合肥市城市生活垃圾日月变化比较分析

通过对合肥市生活垃圾日、月产出量数据的比较分析,总结出合肥市生活垃圾月、年的变化趋势。城市生活垃圾在人口密集区明显要比人口稀疏区产出量大;根据温度变化在夏天比在冬天要多出很多;而在相同环境下商业消费的频繁与否也很大程度地影响生活垃圾产出量的多少,例如中国春节期间的生活垃圾产出量明显少于同月其他日子。结合合肥市的地理、人文等情况得出城市生活垃圾产出量的主要影响因素为:城市人口、经济水平和人均消费水平。人口基数大、增长快导致生活垃圾的巨增,大大加重了垃圾治理的负担。经济水平发展速度过快也使得垃圾的产生量和处理量不能相平衡,加速了环境的恶化。     

合肥城市生活垃圾量的关联分析与灰色预测研究

基于灰色系统理论,运用灰色关联度分析法定量分析了影响合肥城市生活垃圾产量的主要相关因素;建立了合肥城市生活垃圾年产量的预测GM(1,1)模型,并对合肥市未来五年的生活垃圾产量进行了预测.预测结果显示,"十一五"期间合肥城市生活垃圾产量的年平均增长率将8.9%左右,而到2010年合肥生活垃圾产量更是将达到81.2万吨.研究表明,所建立的模型精度较高,预测值的验证性良好,运用灰色关联度分析和模型预测方法在城市生活垃圾研究中可以发挥良好的作用.     

北京市2002-2007年生活垃圾产生量预测分析

通过对北京市城市和城乡结合部地区生活垃圾产生量现状,以及影响垃圾产生量因素的分析,根据北京市环卫管理规划,运用多元线性回归分析和类比分析法综合预测分析了北京市2002-2007年的生活垃圾产生量.      

北京城市塑料垃圾年产量的模拟预测及其影响因素分析

揭示城市塑料垃圾年产量及影响因素、预测其发展趋势对于城市生活垃圾收集系统的优化、处理技术的合理选择和降低环境影响具有重要意义.本研究基于1989年以来北京塑料垃圾占比、城市生活垃圾产量数据和社会经济数据,利用赤池信息量准则（AIC）和灰关联度法研究了北京城市塑料垃圾占比的年变化趋势和城市塑料垃圾年产量的主要影响因素.通过多元线性回归模型（MLR）、灰色系统模型GM（1,1）和BP神经网络模型对北京城市塑料垃圾年产量进行了模拟预测.结果表明,北京城市塑料垃圾占比由1989年的1.88%,增加到2012年的14.87%.基于AIC准则预测2013—2050年北京城市塑料垃圾占比增长趋势较平缓、稳定在14%~19%之间.2000—2012年北京市城市塑料垃圾年产量由40.2×10⁴ t增加到121.1×10⁴ t,年增长15.5%.人均可支配收入是影响北京城市塑料垃圾年产量的最大社会经济因素,而常住人口的影响较低.BP神经网络是模拟预测北京城市塑料垃圾产量的最佳模型,其模拟预测结果表明：2013年后北京市塑料垃圾年产量随时间呈不规则的非线性增长趋势,到2025、2035、2050年北京城市塑料垃圾产量将分别达到335、488和859×10⁴ t,将对北京城市生活垃圾处理处置与防控管理带来巨大挑战.     

城市生活垃圾产量影响因素的路径分析——以厦门市为例

城市生活垃圾产量日益剧增,已成为制约我国城市健康和可持续发展的瓶颈.深入开展城市生活垃圾产生量的影响因素研究有助于揭示垃圾产生机制,把握其动态变化趋势,从而指导生活垃圾可持续管理及调控.因此,以厦门市为例,基于1979-2010年生活垃圾清运量及经济、生活水平、城市发展水平、社会人口学特征、自然等方面的时间序列数据,运用路径分析方法,开展了城市生活垃圾产量影响因素研究.结果表明,所构建的路径分析模型拟合优度很高,相比较简单的相关分析,很好地解释了因素与垃圾产量的因果关系;城市规模、人均可支配收入、城市化率、GDP的直接影响系数分别为0.58(p ＜0.001)、0.55(p＜0.001)、0.52(p ＜0.001)、0.51(p ＜0.001),均大于0.5,说明正影响作用很大;家庭特征直接影响系数为-0.40(p ＜0.001),为较大负影响;GDP通过旅游人次、城市规模通过家庭特征对垃圾产量有间接作用,影响系数分别为0.13(p ＜0.001)、0.31(p＜0.001);各因素总影响系数排序为城市规模(0.89,p＜0.001)＞ GDP(0.64,p ＜0.001)＞人均可支配收入(0.55,p ＜0.001)＞城市化率(0.52,p ＜0.001)＞家庭特征(-0.40,p＜0.001)＞旅游人次(0.19,p＜0.001)＞年均温度(0.09,p ＜0.001);旅游人次影响作用为中等偏弱,温度只引起生活垃圾产量的年内变动而不影响年际变化.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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