铁碳微电解法处理油田钻井废水

以四川某油田经预处理后的钻井废水为研究对象,采用铁碳微电解方法处理废水,并对其COD去除效果进行研究。介绍了所用试剂、材料及采用的实验方法,考察了铁碳投加量、铁碳质量比、pH值、反应时间对COD去除效果的影响。结果表明:在铁碳投加量为0.8 kg/L、铁碳质量比为1:1、pH值3.2、反应时间为150 min的条件下,铁碳微电解方法对钻井废水COD的去除率达到70.25%,可有效降低后续深度处理的负荷,满足实验要求。     

某石化废水对硝化菌活性抑制的解毒工艺探究

针对某石化废水高硝化抑制性的特点,比较了铁碳微电解法与芬顿氧化法作为预处理方法对解除其硝化抑制性的效果。芬顿氧化法能够有效解除其硝化抑制性,而铁碳微电解法无法解除其硝化抑制性。针对芬顿氧化法,通过单因素实验进一步优化了实验条件:pH=3,H_2O_2∶COD_(Cr)∶Fe~(2+)=1∶1∶0.55(质量比),反应时间20 min。硝化菌的活性大幅地提高,硝化抑制率从87%下降至3.6%,COD_(Cr)也从674mg/L下降至414mg/L。     

对铁碳处理硝基酚废水的研究

铁碳降解水中难降解有机污染物的影响因素、最佳工艺参数及处理效果;初步探讨了氧化降解污染物的作用机理;通过分析污染物降解的中间产物,提出了污染物降解的可能途径.探讨了pH、铁碳用量、温度以及锰矿物的粒径等对处理效果的影响,在最佳的工艺条件下,CODCr的去除率达到95%以上,TOC测定表明：大部分硝基酚被氧化降解为H2O和CO2.对硝基酚的降解途径主要是微电解将对硝基酚还原为对氨基酚,对氨基酚在酸性条件下被软锰矿氧化为H2O和CO2做探索性研究.     

超声内电解处理高浓度含盐有机废水的实验研究

分别研究了铁碳内电解、超声波辐照以及不同组合方式对高盐度泡菜废水的处理,重点研究了铁碳比、铁碳加入量、溶液pH值、处理时间、超声功率密度等因素对高含盐量泡菜废水降解率的影响。实验表明,铁碳加入对内电解处理效果影响显著,超声波处理该废水的最佳pH值为7;超声内电解处理的最佳条件为：铁碳比2∶1,铁碳加入体积为溶液体积的25%,溶液初始pH值为7,超声功率密度为0.225w/cm3,曝气处理90min。处理后出水COD去除率大于50%,达到了对该类高浓度含盐废水的预处理效果,降低了后续生化系统的处理负荷。     

新文科碳达峰碳中和人才培养体系改革设计

<正>本研究分析了碳达峰碳中和背景下的新文科人才培养体系改革、意义和应用前景,总结了国内外研究现状,对改革内容、目标和关键问题进行了设计研究。对于我国各类新文科专业的碳达峰碳中和人才培养体系改革探索具有启示意义。“十四五”是碳达峰的关键期、窗口期。在此背景下,响应国家“双碳”目标,开展新文科“双碳”人才培养体系改革研究,将具有重要意义和应用前景。     

微电解法预处理硝基苯废水的研究

硝基苯废水是一种难处理且具有致癌性的有毒废水,选择废铁屑铁碳还原的预处理工艺处理硝基苯废水,初步探讨了铁碳池中微电解的工作原理,实验结果表明：当进水水质OCMn（mg/L）28.8;硝基苯浓度100mg/L时,经过铁碳还原工段处理,即可达到如下出水水质效果：OCMn（mg/L）7.5;硝基苯浓度10.4mg/L.结果显示：这种处理的硝基苯去除率达到89.6%;OCMn的去除率为73.4%.     

含硝基苯、苯胺废水处理的工程实践

采用固定化微生物-曝气生物滤池与铁-炭微电解法联用的工艺方法处理含硝基苯、苯胺的废水。通过培养驯化微生物阶段、半负荷进水阶段、满负荷进水阶段的调试运行,表明:当进水CODCr<1 000mg/L、硝基苯<120mg/L、苯胺<30mg/L时,出水可达到CODCr<300mg/L、硝基苯<5mg/L、苯胺<5mg/L的设计要求。铁-炭微电解法在pH值为3～4时,对废水有一定的脱色作用,但pH值升高后脱色效果不明显。     

“双碳”目标下我国碳普惠制的探索与实践

基于我国“双碳”战略目标和绿色低碳转型发展,本文介绍了碳普惠制的定义、内涵及其与碳排放权交易制度的区别,对国内外碳普惠制的探索、实践进行梳理,通过对相关碳普惠平台的分析研究,提出碳普惠平台建设的业务框架设计,对生活服务业场景接入碳普惠平台进行分析和讨论。针对当前我国碳普惠发展存在的问题,提出相关政策建议,为国内碳普惠相关研究和应用提供参考。     

工业园区绿色低碳发展国际经验及其对中国的启示

国际工业园区绿色低碳发展为我国工业园区碳中和转型提供了大量的实践经验。本文在总结卡伦堡、蔚山、川崎等国外典型生态工业园区绿色化和低碳化发展模式和路径的基础上,分析了上述工业共生体系的碳减排措施,并总结国外生态工业园区的低碳发展经验和启示。结果显示：①国外生态工业园区低碳化具有显著的三阶段特征,即历经节能增效降碳、减污降碳协同、自发式降碳等阶段,最终进入碳中和导向阶段;②政府引领成为园区绿色发展和低碳化的重要特征,且政府主动介入时间与《京都议定书》的签署时间高度吻合;③合理使用政策手段是推动绿色发展和低碳化的主要手段;④推进系统性变革是绿色发展和低碳化的战略重点。最后,本文面向我国“双碳”目标的实现,给出了推进我国工业园区碳中和的4点建议：加速制定工业园区碳中和路线图、强化低碳指标、推进示范试点,以及建立碳中和政策框架。     

高炉出铁场除尘方案研究

某钢铁企业高炉炼铁车间的出铁场在生产过程中产生大量高浓度的烟尘,对厂区的大气环境及周边的环境造成严重污染,同时直接危害了职工的身体健康。通过对整个出铁场除尘工艺系统及通风状况的分析及实际应用情况,总结出了适合该场合的系统除尘方案。     

Optimal Design Methods for Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems

Renewable and hybrid energy systems (HESs) are expanding due to environmental concerns of climate change, air pollution, and depleting fossil fuels. Moreover, HESs can be cost effective in comparison with conventional power plants. This article reviews current methods for designing optimal HESs. The survey shows these systems are often developed on a medium scale in remote areas and stand-alone, but there is a global growing interest for larger scale deployments that are grid connected. Examples of HESs are PV–wind–battery and PV–diesel–battery. PV and wind energy sources are the most widely adopted. Diesel and batteries are often used but hydrogen is increasing as a clean energy carrier. The design of an efficient HES is challenging because HES models are nonlinear, non-convex, and composed of mixed-type variables that cannot be solved by traditional optimization methods. Alternatively, two types of approaches are typically used for designing optimal HESs: simulation-based optimization and metaheuristic optimization methods. Simulation-based optimization methods are limited in view of human intervention that makes them tedious, time consuming, and error prone. Metaheuristics are more efficient because they can handle automatically a range of complexities. In particular, multi-objective optimization (MOO) metaheuristics are the most appropriate for optimal HES because HES models involve multiple objectives at the same time such as cost, performance, supply/demand management, grid limitations, and so forth. This article shows that the energy research community has not fully utilized state-of-the-art MOO metaheuristics. More recent MOO metaheuristics could be used such as robust optimization and interactive optimization.     

我国废铅酸蓄电池污染防治技术及政策探讨

废铅酸蓄电池回收环节产生的废渣、铅酸污泥等属于危险废物,必须按照危险废物进行管理;而废铅酸蓄电池铅回收过程也会产生二次污染,其生产过程和管理不当会产生严重的环境污染。本文在分析我国再生铅生产工艺技术现状、废铅酸蓄电池资源再生过程污染源的基础上,对废铅酸蓄电池资源再生过程污染源治理和污染预防措施以及目前废铅酸蓄电池铅回收相关政策和管理要求进行了较为系统的分析和总结。     

我国废电池的回收与处理

本文详细介绍了国内外常见的各种废电池的种类、有害成分，处理方法，分析了目前我国在度电池回收处理过程中所存在的诸多问题，并有针对性的提出建议。     

Accurate power-sharing,voltage regulation,and SOC regulation for LVDC microgrid with hybrid energy storage system using artificial neural network

ABSTRACT

In this paper, an artificial neural network-based control strategy is proposed for low voltage DC microgrid (LVDC microgrid) with a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) to improve power-sharing between battery and supercapacitor (SC) to suit the demand-generation imbalance, maintain state-of-charge (SOC) within boundaries and thereby to regulate the dc bus voltage. The conventional controller cannot track the SCs current rapidly with the high-frequency component that will place dynamic stress on the battery, further resulting in shorter battery life. The significant advantage is that in the proposed control strategy, redirections of unwaged battery currents to SCs for fast compensations enhance battery life span. The proposed control strategy effectiveness was investigated by simulations, including a comparison of overshoot/undershoot and settling time in dc bus voltage with a conventional control strategy. The results have been experimentally verified by hardware-in-loop (HIL) on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based real-time simulator.     

A future perspective on lithium-ion battery waste flows from electric vehicles

As a proactive step towards understanding future waste management challenges, this paper presents a future oriented material flow analysis (MFA) used to estimate the volume of lithium-ion battery (LIB) wastes to be potentially generated in the United States due to electric vehicle (EV) deployment in the near and long term future. Because future adoption of LIB and EV technology is uncertain, a set of scenarios was developed to bound the parameters most influential to the MFA model and to forecast “low,” “baseline,” and “high” projections of future end-of-life battery outflows from years 2015 to 2040. These models were implemented using technology forecasts, technical literature, and bench-scale data characterizing battery material composition. Considering the range from the most conservative to most extreme estimates, a cumulative outflow between 0.33 million metric tons and 4 million metric tons of lithium-ion cells could be generated between 2015 and 2040. Of this waste stream, only 42% of the expected materials (by weight) is currently recycled in the U.S., including metals such as aluminum, cobalt, copper, nickel, and steel. Another 10% of the projected EV battery waste stream (by weight) includes two high value materials that are currently not recycled at a significant rate: lithium and manganese. The remaining fraction of this waste stream will include materials with low recycling potential, for which safe disposal routes must be identified. Results also indicate that because of the potential “lifespan mismatch” between battery packs and the vehicles in which they are used, batteries with high reuse potential may also be entering the waste stream. As such, a robust end-of-life battery management system must include an increase in reuse avenues, expanded recycling capacity, and ultimate disposal routes that minimize risk to human and environmental health.     

航空运输条件对锂电池安全性能的影响

航空运输条件对锂电池运输过程中的安全性有着较大的影响。本文介绍了联合国专家委员会关于危险货物运输的建议书及其试验和标准手册中锂电池运输鉴定的相关规定,重点阐述TUN38.3试验测试对锂电池安全性能的要求,并对测试中需要注意的安全问题进行了探讨。     

铅蓄电池行业重金属污染防治研究

近年来,铅蓄电池行业铅污染事故频发,对环境和人体健康造成了严重危害。各级政府高度重视,环境保护部于2011年初开展铅蓄电池行业环保专项检查工作。本文从铅蓄电池行业的生产全过程出发,从产业结构、技术装备、末端治理、环境管理等方面提出铅蓄电池行业铅污染防治措施,为铅蓄电池行业重金属污染防治工作提供了参考依据。     

铅蓄电池行业清洁生产审核方法分析

铅蓄电池行业是我国重点整治的涉重金属行业,应开展强制性清洁生产审核。文章在探讨铅蓄电池行业开展清洁生产审核存在的主要问题的基础上,系统说明了铅蓄电池企业清洁生产审核的现状评估方法和平衡测试分析方法,提出了审核应重点关注的技术要点,以及常见的清洁生产方案,指导企业建立持续清洁生产机制,实现铅蓄电池行业全过程污染防治和重金属减排。     

The ethics and politics of the caged layer hen debate in New Zealand

Changes in attitudes toward animal welfare, with a greater emphasis on the importance of allowing animals to express normal patterns of behavior has led to an examination of the practice of keeping hens in battery cages. There is widespread scientific consensus that the conditions of confinement and the barren nature of battery cages severely restrict hens’ behavioral repertoire, and are thus detrimental to their welfare. The New Zealand Animal Welfare Act 1999, stipulates that animals must have “the opportunity to display normal patterns of behaviour.” In spite of this provision, the New Zealand government has not acted in phasing out battery cages, arguing instead that there is insufficient evidence that welfare will be improved by a phase-out. There is evidence of strong industry pressure on the government, and the use of tactics common in policy considerations where changes are resisted by powerful interests. It is important that policy processes are better managed so that welfare changes are based on both public preferences and scientific knowledge, and ways of doing this are discussed.