吉林省红色旅游共生发展模式研究

红色旅游是红色文化与旅游方式有机结合成的一种精神文化产品,通过对共生理论和红色旅游的研究回顾,从产业、区域、产品、管理、利益、文化等六个方面构建了红色旅游的共生发展模式,并提出了吉林省红色旅游共生发展的路径。     

中国红色旅游研究评述

红色旅游历经过十几年的发展,在为我国政治和经济发展做出巨大贡献的同时,形成了大量研究成果。通过对以往红色旅游研究的梳理、评述,明确了红色旅游定义,辨析了与红色旅游相似的共产主义遗迹旅游和黑色旅游概念;指出红色旅游资源兼具政治、经济和社会三种属性,红色旅游资源的评价与开发应树立可持续发展观念;发现红色旅游既有经济效应,又有社会效应;提出红色旅游市场开发需要与时俱进,推动游客市场创新,并给出了我国红色旅游未来研究方向。     

中国红色旅游资源空间结构分析

红色旅游是20世纪90年代以来在中国兴起的一种新型主题旅游形式。以国家公布的118个红色旅游经典景区为例，运用最邻近点指数、基尼系数，从空间分布、区域空间差异以及红色旅游资源分区等角度分析了中国红色旅游资源的空间结构特征。结果表明，中国红色旅游资源在全国和全国八大一级旅游分区两种尺度的测度中都呈集聚型分布，不同区域的红色旅游资源具有不同的历史主题。最后，提出在今后的红色旅游发展和新的红色旅游景区开发中做好规划和宣传工作，加强基础设施建设，对红色旅游资源进行区域整合，推进红色旅游产品向主题方向发展。     

山东省红色旅游的开发策略研究

山东省红色旅游资源丰富，具备发展红色旅游的先决条件。阐述了山东省红色旅游资源概况，分析了该省发展红色旅游的优劣势和红色旅游客源市场的类型，在此基础上提出了红色旅游的开发策略以及在旅游开发中应注意的问题。     

徐州红色旅游资源开发探讨

市场调查与分析显示,红色旅游资源在徐州市旅游资源开发中占据重要地位。徐州红色旅游资源的开发必须坚持高标准与高质量建设、区域合作、政府投资和市场化运作相结合、旅游产品活化四大原则。在徐州红色旅游资源开发战略举措上,建议采取坚持打造精品、加大宣传促销力度和整合徐州文化旅游资源、适时建设“军事文化大观园”三大战略举措。     

中国红色旅游研究特征与趋势研究——基于科学知识图谱视角

以中国知网(CNKI)学术文献网络出版总库数据库中收录的有关"红色旅游"的711篇文献为研究对象,采用CiteSpace5.5软件绘制相应的知识图谱,探究中国红色旅游研究的研究现状、研究热点和未来态势。结果表明:中国红色旅游研究成果丰富,研究视角较多,研究团队尚未形成,跨区域研究不足;红色旅游资源开发、红色旅游产品、红色旅游的社会文化效应等是中国红色旅游研究的热点;研究案例区域集中在革命老区。未来应重点关注红色旅游基础理论研究、定性与定量相结合的研究方法、红色旅游面临的机遇与挑战、红色旅游的环境效应等。     

分割的海洋:海洋渔业资源保护的悲剧

1982年《联合国海洋法公约》对海洋渔业资源多样性的保护采用了分区域保护模式,但这一公地私有化的路径并没有有效解决海洋渔业资源的可持续养护和利用问题。如何避免海洋渔业资源的公地悲剧命运,是人类面临的共同问题。现代经济学认识到人的亲社会性,给出了市场和政府之外的国际合作第三条路径,我国提出的"人类命运共同体"理念为未来海洋渔业资源保护提供了理论指引。海洋渔业资源保护应以构建人类命运共同体为终极追求,积极落实2030年可持续发展目标,打造海洋渔业资源保护的多元共治,适当建立海洋保护区,促进渔业规则的统一。     

广西百色市发展红色旅游的思考

随着"红色旅游"在中国旅游业的异军突起,广西百色市作为一个有着丰富红色旅游资源的革命老区,凭借自有优势,逐渐成为中国南疆红色旅游的一颗耀眼"红星"。分析了百色市近几年来红色旅游的发展现状,并借此探讨了该市红色旅游发展中存在的问题及其解决方法,促使百色市的红色旅游得以更加完善的发展。     

红色旅游中敬畏情绪对游客国家认同的影响研究

红色旅游作为国家政治工程和文化工程的重要组成,如何更好地实现红色旅游的政治功能和文化功能,目前学界缺乏研究。以情绪评价理论、敬畏原型理论为基础理论,通过对贵州遵义会址与红军山烈士陵园景区游客进行的实地问卷调查,运用结构方程模型,实证检验了红色旅游中敬畏情绪的产生及其对国家认同的影响。研究结果表明:红色旅游中感知红色人物权威性、感知红色事迹传奇性和感知红色遗迹神圣性诱发游客敬畏情绪的产生,并且敬畏情绪正向影响国家认同。进一步的中介效应分析发现,敬畏情绪中介红色旅游感知对国家认同的正向影响。研究不但在理论上解释了红色旅游促进游客国家认同的情绪机制,而且在实践上为红色旅游的开发提供了策略建议。     

安徽省红色旅游竞争力研究

随着我国红色旅游的发展,各红色旅游目的地之间的竞争在不断加剧.从资源要素、产品要素、品牌形象要素、市场要素、区位交通要素、基础设施要素、管理要素7个方面系统分析了安徽红色旅游的竞争力状况,提出了相应的提升策略.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.