紫外活化过硫酸盐降解磷酸氯喹

以抗新型冠状肺炎药物——磷酸氯喹（CQP）为研究对象,考察其在紫外活化过硫酸盐体系（UV/PS）中的降解效果.通过竞争动力学实验,确定了CQP与羟基自由基（HO·）和硫酸根自由基（SO₄^-·）的二级反应速率常数,同时考察了PS浓度、pH和常见无机阴离子对UV/PS体系中CQP降解的影响,并通过建立动力学模型预测CQP浓度和主要自由基浓度以探究其影响机制.结果表明,UV/PS体系对CQP的降解效果显著优于单一UV、单一太阳光或单一PS体系,在10 min内可降解91.3%的CQP;在pH为6.9的条件下,CQP与HO·和SO₄^-·的二级反应速率常数分别为8.9×10⁹ L·（mol·s）^-1和1.4×10¹⁰ L·（mol·s）^-1,其中SO₄^-·是主要活性物种;CQP的降解速率随PS浓度增加而增大,HCO₃^-和Cl^-的加入对UV/PS体系中CQP的去除起到抑制作用,碱性较强的条件不利于CQP的转化.经LC-MS分析,发现CQP在UV/PS体系中主要经过N-脱乙基化、C—N键断裂和抽氢等反应被逐步降解为其他有机中间产物.加大PS浓度和pH可提高其矿化率.此研究可为抗新冠肺炎医药废水的处理提供帮助.     

UV/NO3-光化学降解水中的磺胺甲恶唑

本文研究了UV/NO₃^-体系对水中磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）的降解;考察了NO₃^-用量、pH值、SMX初始浓度、水体成分中常见的无机阴离子（Cl^-、SO₄^2-和HCO₃^-）和天然有机物（NOM）对SMX去除的影响;最后探讨了SMX在该体系中的降解产物和转化机理.结果表明：相比于单独UV,UV/NO₃^-对SMX的去除效果更优,这可能归因于UV激发NO₃^-产生的羟基自由基（HO^·）,通过加入HO^·淬灭剂甲醇,有力地证明了体系中HO^·的存在及其对SMX的降解作用.SMX在UV/NO₃^-体系中的降解符合准一级反应动力学.SMX的去除效率随着NO₃^-浓度的增加而逐渐提高,随着其初始浓度的增大而减小.溶液pH值对UV/NO₃^-降解SMX的影响显著,SMX去除效率表现为酸性>中性>碱性.向UV/NO₃^-体系中加入不同浓度的Cl^-和SO₄^2-对SMX的降解基本没有影响;HCO₃^-对SMX的去除有显著的促进作用,这可能归因于HO^·同HCO₃^-反应产生的碳酸根自由基（CO₃^·-）;NOM的存在会抑制SMX的降解,且NOM浓度越高,抑制越明显.在UV/NO₃^-降解SMX的反应中,根据检出的5种产物,提出SMX可能的转化机理包括4种不同的反应路径,分别为断键反应、脱氨羟基化、羟基化和亚硝化.     

超声复合铁碳活化过硫酸盐处理有机废水

通过搭建超声复合铁碳活化过硫酸盐耦合系统（US/PS/Fe-C）,用于处理三苯甲烷衍生物结晶紫（CV）.结果表明US/PS/Fe-C三元体系具有良好的耦合效果.对商品铁碳和自制的不同工艺铁碳活化剂,分别采用X-射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜对活化剂的结构和表面形貌进行分析.使用商品铁碳作为活化剂研究不同因素对US/PS/Fe-C三元耦合体系降解CV的影响,其最优条件为：PDS浓度2 mmol ·L^-1,铁碳活化剂1 g ·L^-1,pH未调,30 min后对质量浓度为15 mg ·L^-1CV的去除率达90%.探究阴阳离子对于体系的影响,发现Mg²⁺和NO^3-对体系处理几乎没有影响,Mn²⁺、Cl^-和CO₃^2-对于体系的处理有一定的抑制作用,Fe²⁺在低浓度时可以促进反应,在高浓度时会抑制反应.通过加入不同的淬灭剂,得出在该体系中主要含有¹O₂、SO₄^- ·、·O₂^-和·OH这4种活性物质.     

紫外/亚硫酸盐高级还原工艺加速降解水中难降解含碘造影剂

紫外/亚硫酸盐（UV/SO₃^2-）是一种基于紫外活化SO₃^2-离子依靠生成还原性自由基——水合电子降解目标污染物的高级还原工艺.本文研究了UV/SO₃^2-加速降解含碘造影剂泛影酸钠（DTZ）的效能、机制与影响因素以及UV/SO₃^2-降解DTZ的路径.结果表明,UV/SO₃^2-降解DTZ符合一级动力学模型,降解速率快于单独UV和紫外/过氧化氢工艺,且降解速率随SO₃^2-浓度的增加而升高.弱碱性或碱性水质可强化UV/SO₃^2-降解效率,背景有机物对降解DTZ有一定抑制作用.DTZ降解机制包括直接光解和还原性自由基攻击,其中自由基攻击占主要部分.DTZ在UV/SO₃^2-的降解路径包括取代、脱羧基羟基化和酰胺键断裂等.     

超声/K2S2O8体系降解左氧氟沙星过程中活性自由基产生机制

以左氧氟沙星水溶液为实验材料,比较了超声、K₂S₂O₈和超声/K₂S₂O₈ 3种体系对左氧氟沙星的去除效果,并通过K₂S₂O₈浓度、超声功率、pH值及添加异丙醇或叔丁醇的对照实验,分析了超声/K₂S₂O₈体系去除左氧氟沙星过程中活性自由基产生机制及变化规律.结果表明：在左氧氟沙星浓度30 mg·L^-1、过硫酸盐浓度20 mmol·L^-1、超声功率360 W、pH=9的条件下,反应180 min,超声/K₂S₂O₈体系中左氧氟沙星的去除率达到90%,超声体系为13.89%,K₂S₂O₈体系只有5.82%;超声/K₂S₂O₈体系存在协同作用,产生了更多的SO₄^-·和·OH;超声/K₂S₂O₈体系中·OH的产生有超声和链式反应两种途径,其中,链式反应的贡献较大,K₂S₂O₈的存在是·OH产生的必要条件,链式反应在自由基浓度较高条件下会发生猝灭,K₂S₂O₈浓度对SO₄^-·的产生有重要影响,但K₂S₂O₈浓度过高对SO₄^-·的产生无益;超声/K₂S₂O₈体系降解左氧氟沙星过程中SO₄^-·与·OH是通过链式反应共同增减的,·OH在反应中占主导地位;反应初期·OH作用较大,随反应时间延长逐渐减小,SO₄^-·作用在反应初期较小,随着反应进行作用逐渐增大.     

吸收协同高级氧化工艺处理低浓度含氰废气实验研究

以乙腈作为含氰废气的典型组分,考察吸收协同不同高级氧化体系下低浓度乙腈的去除效率以及产物分配情况.研究结果表明：UV/PS和VUV/PS体系均能有效吸收并降解乙腈,在60 min内其脱除效率近100%,且矿化率近80%或以上.主要原因是吸收液中的过硫酸盐（PS）可以在紫外光的激发下产生大量的HO^·和SO₄^·-,这些自由基可以促进乙腈和中间产物的氧化.同时实验还观察到乙腈中的氮元素主要被转化为NO₃^-和NH₄⁺,这说明乙腈的直接氧化和水解反应同时进行.NO₃^-的累积会竞争消耗反应体系中的自由基,这是其稳定性实验中乙腈矿化率下降的主要原因.此外,干扰离子Cl^-也会由于自由基的捕获作用抑制乙腈的降解.最后,根据产物的分析结果,提出了包含氧化与水解路径的乙腈总体降解反应途径.     

MnFe2O4@HTC活化过硫酸盐体系除藻效能与机制

采用水热法和共沉淀法将MnFe₂O₄负载在水热炭（HTC）表面制备磁性MnFe₂O₄@HTC复合催化剂.采用SEM、XRD、BET、FTIR、XPS对催化剂进行表征,通过考察MnFe₂O₄/HTC负载比、过硫酸钠（PS）投加量、初始pH和不同化学体系对除藻效果的影响,探究无供氧条件下MnFe₂O₄@HTC活化PS体系除藻的效能.基于自由基屏蔽实验和XPS分析对MnFe₂O₄@HTC活化PS体系反应机制进行研究验证.结果表明,当初始藻浓度为1.4×10⁹个·L^-1（OD₆₈₀=0.14）,催化剂投加量为0.2 g·L^-1,PS投加量为0.4 g·L^-1,pH为6时,降解30 min,该体系除藻率可达到99%.在该体系中,MnFe₂O₄@HTC材料可将藻细胞吸附在材料表面,通过Mn、Fe的价态循环和HTC的协同效应反应催化PS产生空穴、¹O₂、·O₂^-、SO₄^-·和·OH多种氧化物质,使藻细胞破裂死亡.     

污泥生物炭活化过一硫酸盐降解环丙沙星

以脱水干化污泥为原料,经450℃热解制成污泥生物炭（BC）,活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）,构建BC/PMS体系,降解环丙沙星（CIP）.采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线能谱（EDS）、傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射（XRD）、Zeta电位分析仪和电子自旋共振（EPR）分析了BC的理化性质;考察了BC投加量、PMS投加量、初始pH值和无机阴离子对BC/PMS体系降解CIP效果的影响;通过自由基淬灭实验和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析,深入探讨了BC/PMS体系对CIP降解机制.结果表明,CIP降解率随BC投加量和PMS投加量增大而升高,随溶液初始pH增大而降低,在BC 1.0 g·L^-1、PMS 3.0 mmol·L^-1、初始pH 6.0、CIP 20 mg·L^-1和反应时间120 min时,CIP降解率为49.09%;SO₄^2-和NO₃^-对BC/PMS体系降解效果无显著影响,HCO₃^-和Cl^-具有明显抑制作用;BC/PMS体系降解CIP是自由基途径（·OH和SO₄^-·）和非自由基途径（¹O₂）共同作用的结果,降解路径主要包括哌嗪环开环和羟基化反应.     

紫外活化过硫酸盐降解水中三氯蔗糖动力学和机制

以新兴污染物人工甜味剂三氯蔗糖（SUC）为对象,研究紫外活化过硫酸盐（UV/PS）对其的降解效果.考察UV光强、PS投加量、溶液初始pH值和阴离子浓度等因素的影响,解析UV/PS降解SUC过程中的降解产物并评估其生态毒性.结果表明,对比单一UV和单一PS,UV/PS降解SUC效果更为明显,SUC降解反应速率常数随光强、PS投加量增加而增大,中性条件更有利于SUC降解,背景离子NO₃^-和HCO₃^-对UV/PS降解SUC有一定的抑制作用,而Cl^-和SO₄^2-促进降解过程.基于高分辨质谱HRMS和GC-MS解析出16种中间产物,降解过程主要涉及羟基化、氧化和醚裂解等反应.发光细菌毒性实验和ECOSAR预测结果表明,UV/PS降解SUC过程中会产生毒性高于母物质的中间产物,对生态环境存在潜在威胁.     

亚硫酸氢盐强化微量Fe2+活化过二硫酸盐降解扑热息痛

Fe²⁺可激活过二硫酸盐（PDS）快速产生硫酸根自由基（SO₄^-·），但Fe²⁺会快速转化为低活性的Fe³⁺，且Fe²⁺的投加量普遍较大，限制了该体系的广泛应用.采用亚硫酸氢盐（BS）强化微量Fe²⁺-PDS体系降解水中的扑热息痛（APAP）.结果表明，投加BS可促进Fe²⁺-Fe³⁺的循环，明显改善Fe²⁺-PDS体系对APAP的降解效果，在最优条件下（PDS=0.6 mmol·L^-1；BS=0.4 mmol·L^-1；Fe²⁺=10 μmol·L^-1；pH=4）下，APAP （4 μmol·L^-1）可在180 s内被完全降解.同时，APAP的降解速率随BS （0~0.6 mmol·L^-1）和PDS （0.2~1.5 mmol·L^-1）浓度的增大而升高，适量提高Fe²⁺浓度可促进APAP的降解，但增加BS的投加次数对降解速率影响不大.HCO₃^-与HPO₄^2-明显抑制了体系降解APAP的效率，Cl^-和NO₃^-有轻微抑制作用，腐殖酸（HA）则影响不大.通过淬灭实验和电子顺磁共振波谱检测，证实了体系中SO₄^-·、·OH和单线态氧的产生，其中SO₄^-·是降解APAP的主要活性物种.利用三维荧光光谱技术对APAP降解过程进行了表征，表明APAP降解产物具有荧光特性.此外，还鉴定出5种中间产物，并提出了3种可能的降解途径.体系在实际水体中的效能低于超纯水中的表现，但延长反应时间可明显增强降解效果，表明BS-Fe²⁺-PDS体系是一种有前景的有机污染物降解方法.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.