山东某淀粉厂污水处理改造工程

介绍了采用UASB SBR工艺处理淀粉废水的工程实例 ,UASB反应器采用中温消化 ,水力停留时间 32h ,有机负荷 7～ 8kg m3 ·d ,CODCr去除率大于 90 %。SBR池周期为 12h ,滗水率 5 0 %。在进水平均CODCr=10 0 0 0mg L时 ,处理后出水CODCr<15 0mg L ,可达标排放     

UASB处理低浓度城市生活污水的中试试验

研究1·2m3厌氧反应器(UASB),在自然温度(水温32~5℃)下,处理CODCr浓度为200mg/L左右的低浓度生活污水。实验采用颗粒污泥接种二次启动法。水处理系统在水温32~5℃范围内运行6个月的时间,UASB反应器在上升流速为1·4~1·7m/h,水力停留时间(HRT)为3·0~2·5h,CODCr有机污泥负荷(SLR)为0·06~0·13kg/(kg·d)时,去除效率比较稳定,CODCr去除率达40%~80%。     

木薯柠檬酸废水的厌氧处理工程

以木薯作为主要原料的江苏某柠檬酸厂 ,其废水处理系统将原有的发酵罐改造成UASB后 ,运行结果表明 :UASB进水水温在 38～ 4 2℃ ,出水CODCr保持在 10 0 0mg L以下 ,处理效率保持在 95 %左右 ,CODCr 有机负荷达到了9kg m3·d ,污泥实现颗粒化 ,在工程实践中取得的经验和数据 ,对设计或操作UASB反应器 ,有借鉴意义。     

水解酸化-SBR法-混凝沉淀工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

采用水解酸化 SBR法 混凝沉淀复合工艺对城市垃圾渗滤液进行处理 ,确定水解酸化、SBR法和混凝的最佳运行参数。结果表明 ,当进水CODCr172 0mg L、NH3 N 12 7 6mg L时 ,通过该系统处理后 ,出水CODCr 148 4mg L、NH3 N 12 2mg L ,CODCr总去除率达到 91 2 % ,NH3 N去除率达 90 4% ,达到较好的去除有机物和脱氮效果     

颗粒活性炭对UASB处理垃圾渗滤液促进作用的研究

通过对比研究,考查了用UASB处理垃圾渗滤液时,投加颗粒活性炭对加速UASB反应器中污泥颗粒化进程、缩短启动时间、提高处理效果的影响。结果显示:启动时间缩短了近1/3,最大有机负荷提高近40%且出现了更大颗粒污泥,但COD去除效率没有明显提高。     

含盐染料废水高温厌氧处理工艺特性研究

研究升流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)在高温条件下处理含盐染料废水的工艺特性及颗粒污泥性能。结果表明,在以常温厌氧絮状污泥为接种污泥,运行温度为(55±1)℃,水力停留时间为12h,含盐量为50000mg/L,CODCr为900~1000mg/L,染料活性红2(RR2)浓度为100mg/L条件下,78d达到运行稳定,CODCr和RR2去除率分别为44%和85%以上。反应器中高温耐盐厌氧颗粒污泥粒径为1.0~2.0mm,其生物相组成以短杆菌、球菌、丝状菌为主。     

垃圾渗滤液电化学催化氧化法深度处理研究

研究利用电化学催化氧化法深度处理经生物处理后的垃圾渗滤液时，电压、氧化时间、氯离子浓度及温度对有机物降解的影响。试验结果表明：在电压3．5V，电流密度为7．0mA／cm^2．氧化时间2．5h．氯离子的浓度2000mg／L的条件下，垃圾渗滤液的CODCr由464．0mg／L降低到200．0mg／L，NH3^-N的去除率大于95％。     

垃圾渗滤液颗粒污泥驯化试验及主要微生物种群变化

垃圾渗滤液生化处理过程中,采用城市污水处理厂污泥浓缩池污泥进行接种,并选择间歇培养同驯化的启动方法,分阶段提高废水配比。试验结果表明,经过16d的污泥驯化,MLSS保持在5000mg／L左右,HRT=3d,SV=36,F／M为0．144kgBOD5／kgMLVSS．d,容积负荷（Fv）为1．3～1．6kgCOD／m^3.d,温度28～300C,pH=7,DO为3～5mg／L条件下,该渗滤液CODCr降至450．05mg／L,去除率保持80％左右,NH3-N的去除率最终达96．15％。随着驯化时间的延长,通过显微观察,活性污泥絮状性能变好,絮体增大,边缘清晰,结构紧密,反应器内原生动物种类丰富,与其他微生物相互协同,可提高处理效率。     

垃圾渗滤液颗粒污泥驯化试验及主要微生物种群变化

垃圾渗滤液生化处理过程中,采用城市污水处理厂污泥浓缩池污泥进行接种,并选择间歇培养同驯化的启动方法,分阶段提高废水配比。试验结果表明,经过16d的污泥驯化,MLSS保持在5000mg/L左右,HRT=3d,SV=36,F/M为0.144 kgBOD5/kgMLVSS.d,容积负荷(FV)为1.3~1.6 kgCOD/m3.d,温度28~30℃,pH=7,DO为3~5 mg/L条件下,该渗滤液CODCr降至450.05mg/L,去除率保持80%左右,NH3-N的去除率最终达96.15%。随着驯化时间的延长,通过显微观察,活性污泥絮状性能变好,絮体增大,边缘清晰,结构紧密,反应器内原生动物种类丰富,与其他微生物相互协同,可提高处理效率。     

UASB反应器处理精制棉废水的试验研究

采用颗粒污泥接种UASB厌氧反应器处理精制棉生产废水,对其可生化性及能降解程度进行研究。通过近1个月的运行可知：在进水CODCr质量浓度为5000—6000mg／L,HRT为24h,容积负荷在4．5～6．2kg／（m3·d）的范围时,有机污染物的去除率稳定保持在70％～80％的范围内,并且运行稳定。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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