大连海域溢油应急预报信息系统及其应用

在国外溢油应争信息系统基础上针对大连海域的特点研究开发了先进实用的“大连海域溢油模拟信息系统”，综合了三维溢油扩散模型、应急反应模型、以及电子海图、地理信息系统（GIS）、数据库等技术。不但能够快速准确地预测模拟并可视化显示海上溢油的漂移扩散、性质变化，还可以同时显示环境敏感区和应急人员设备分布等相关信息。经实际益油案例应用表明，系统的预测模拟结果与现场实验情况完全相符，可用效地提高对海上溢油污染事故的应急决策效率。     

珠江口区域海上溢油应急预报信息系统的开发研究

为了对《珠江口区域溢油应急计划》提供决策技术支持,针对珠江口海域的环境特点研究开发了“珠江口区域海上溢油应急预报信息系统”,综合有潮流快速预报模型、、三维溢油行为模型、溢油风化模型、溢油应急反应模型、以及电子海图、地理信息系统(GIS)、数据库等关键技术,数据库等关键技术,不但能够快速准确地预测模拟并可视化显示海上溢油的漂移扩散和性质变化过程,还可以同时显示环境敏感区和应急人．员设备分布等相关信息。经实际溢油案例应用表明,系统的数值模拟结果与现场实际情况符合较好,可有效地提高海上溢油污染事故的应急反应效率。     

海上溢油事故应急反应系统框架的研究

本文初步给出了海上溢油事故应急反应系统的总体框架，并介绍了海上溢油事故应急反应系统的五个组成部分及各组成部分的主要功能：溢油信息收集子系统、溢油模拟子系统、环境与资源信息数据库、溢油应急指挥中心、溢油应急处理子系统。该溢油事故应急反应系统具有功能综合、结合GIS和RS、决策支持等特点，可为建立海上溢油事故应急反应系统提供参考。     

基于智能客户端的海上溢油应急辅助决策系统框架

随着中国海上油气开发强度持续加大,海上溢油事故风险等级逐步提升,溢油事故的处置急需综合智能的应急辅助决策系统的支持。通过综合国内外溢油应急系统相关的最新技术,以溢油应急处置单位的实际业务需求为出发点,提出基于智能客户端技术,建立具有"决策者视野"的适用于多部门协作的可扩展的溢油应急辅助决策平台,并集成溢油预测模拟算法、GIS空间分析、资源调配和决策文档定制输出等多项功能示范性建立渤海溢油应急辅助决策系统,为综合智能的海上溢油应急辅助决策系统的建立提供参考。     

海上溢油事故应急反应系统

该文给出了海上溢油事故应急反应系统的总体框架，并分析了系统的构成及其主要功能，为建立海上溢油事故应急反应系统提供参考。     

基于模糊综合评价方法的海上溢油应急能力评估技术研究

科学准确的溢油应急评估是合理配置应急资源、迅速提高应急能力、有效降低溢油对海洋生态环境损害的重要途径。本研究综合考虑海上溢油的影响因素和相关法律法规,筛选出海上溢油应急能力的指标体系,通过多层复合运算,确定了适合海上溢油应急处置能力的评价等级,构建了一种基于模糊综合评价的海上溢油应急能力评估方法,并在我国渤海海域和渤海油田验证了该技术的有效性和适用性。该研究成果可为提升我国海上溢油应急能力和应急管理体系建设提供科学依据。     

海上溢油应急反应专家系统

海上溢油应急反应专家系统作为海上船舶溢油事故控制中心的指挥决策保证系统和技术咨询系统，是海上船舶溢油应急计划的重要组成部分，也是海上船舶溢油应急计划的关键技术。本文介绍了该专家系统的功能集成、辅助决策、卫生遥感监测、先进的多媒体技术等特点以及自动报警、通讯联络、数值预测、处理方案、污染预警、污染损害评价、索赔与赔偿等主要功能和系统的总体构成。     

珠江口区域海上溢漏污染物动态预测系统的开发与应用

为了对《珠江口区域溢油应急计划》提供决策支持,在国内外最新研究成果基础上,针对珠江口海域的环境特点研究开发了先进实用的“珠江口区域海上溢漏污染动态预测系统”,综合有三维潮流模型、三维溢油与化学品漂移扩散模型、溢油风化模型、应急反应模型、以及电子海图、地理信息系统(GIS)、数据库等关键技术,能够快速准确地预测并可视化显示不同种类的溢漏油品、化学品在水面及水体中的漂移扩散范同和性质变化过程,还可以同时显示环境敏感区和应急人员设备分布等相关信息。经实际溢油案例应用表明,系统的预测结果与现场实际情况相符。此系统的成功开发应用将有效地提高对船舶污染事故的应急指挥效率。     

海上钻井平台溢油风险评价和风险管理

为消除或降低海上钻井平台溢油风险,本研究对海上钻井平台溢油风险进行分析,介绍了海上钻井平台溢油风险评价方法和溢油风险管理。从疲劳老化、自然力破坏、误操作、第三方破坏及井控措施失效等几个方面,分析和筛选了海上钻井平台溢油风险源;结合对溢油量、油品特性、水文动力环境、应急能力及溢油区域等因素进行分析,综合评价海上钻井平台溢油危害后果,建立更为全面、系统的海上钻井平台溢油风险评价指标体系。     

基于ArcGIS Engine的渤海石油平台溢油应急决策支持系统的设计与实现

研究主要以Visual studio 2005为开发平台,利用ArcGIS Engine 9.2组件库进行GIS的二次开发,通过分析平台溢油应急的实际需求,建立了渤海石油平台溢油应急决策支持系统(OSCOP-DSS)。该系统具有空间数据和属性数据的查询管理、用户管理、应急资料及设备应用的查询、溢油应急模型操作及系统管理等功能,为石油平台溢油应急和平台管理提供综合性服务。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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