基于生命周期的干电池回收及其循环经济模型

介绍了产品全生命周期和循环经济的概念，提出了产品的资源循环模型。对干电池全生命周期的生命过程及阶段进行了划分，并分析了于电池的材料组成，提出了可应用于实践的干电池回收循环利用模型，计算出3种类型回收材料各自所占比重，为我国干电池回收业提供了决策理论和实践指导。     

一种面向材料回收和元器件再利用的WEEE回收技术

文章以废旧电脑为例介绍了自主开发的一种面向材料回收和元器件再利用的废旧电子电器产品(WEEE)的回收与再利用技术,详细讨论了该技术的四个关键单元:阴极射线管(CRT)回收,电路板拆解,印刷线路板(PCB)回收和元器件可再利用性测试。该技术通过环境友好的材料回收工艺和电路板的自动化无损拆解可实现最大的材料和元器件回收率,从而实现较高的WEEE回收收益。     

绿色设计

随着国际上环保呼声日益高涨 ,绿色产品已逐渐成为世界工业产品的主流 ,绿色产品的设计也将成为工业生产行为的规范。“绿色设计”是指以环境和资源保护为核心概念的设计过程。简称“为拆卸而设计 (DFD)”。这种设计生产出来的产品可以拆卸和分解 ,其零部件经过翻新后可重复使用 ,即为绿色产品。绿色产品设计界有句行话 :“我们不能生产垃圾。”美国的汽车回收率十分引人注目 ,每辆汽车重量的 75 %的部分可以重新利用 ,全美 1 .2万家汽车回收商将发动机、电机及其他值钱的零部件拆卸下来加以翻新 ,重新出售 ,年营业额达几十亿美元。德国多…     

废弃物、回收和产品环境化设计：市场的作用和政策手段

居民有时有两种废弃物回收选择，街边回收是一种传统的方式，但是一般并不支付费用。替代的回收方法有回收机和回收中心，但要发生一些交易成本。我们考查了鼓励有效的产品设计、上述两种回收选择的环境和选择垃圾桶回收的相关政策。我们发现了两种并行的回收方式的价值。结合押金和收取适当和处理费可以得到优化的结果。不应充许产品生产商收取押金，消费者本身对押金也是不认可的。     

基于超临界技术的印刷线路板资源化方法研究

印刷线路板的回收由于其结构和组成材料的复杂性，被认为是电子电器产品回收中的重点和难点之一。提出了将超临界流体技术应用于废弃印刷线路板的回收工艺，研究出了一种环境友好的废弃印刷线路板回收方法。建立了回收模型及回收实验平台，并使用正交实验设计方法对实验进行设计，利用SPSS分析软件对实验数据进行了分析研究并结合实际实验结果得出了最佳工艺参数。通过对反应生成物进行质谱分析，推测出了生成物的主要组分，并据此对反应机理进行了研究。     

包装废弃物的回收处理技术

首先分析了多种包装废弃物回收处理技术，其次建立了包装废弃物的回收处理系统框图，最后提出了面向回收利用的包装设计改进方法。     

产品再回收设计的经济性分析

研究表明，产品性能的70％～80％是由设计阶段决定的，而设计本身的成本仅为产品总成本的10％，因此考虑当前环境效益和经济效益的共同要求，企业开展产品的绿色设计是十分必要的。立足于产品的绿色设计，构建了产品再回收设计的经济性分析模型，以保证产品在回收处理阶段的成本与收益之间的均衡。     

废聚氨酯的综合利用

介绍了废旧聚氨酯材料的材料回收、化学回收和能量回收的三种方法，比较了它们的优缺点。指出，从产前的投入看，材料的直接回收利用法较好；但从最终产品的使用性能看。还是化学回收法中的醇解、碱解和水解较好；能量回收法不适合PU废料的利用。     

家电产品有毒有害性分析方法研究

采用回收设计方法进行家电产品设计,可在一定程度上缓解能源、资源紧张问题。将产品的有毒有害性含量作为回收设计环节中的评价指标,可在设计环节快速反映产品的环境影响。针对国内MSDS数据库信息不完备的问题,采用熵权层次分析法进行信息处理,计算产品有毒有害性;结合产品回收方法和产品标识度对产品回收性能进行综合评价;最后以空调室内机蒸发器为实例进行了验证和分析。     

产品责任制在废弃物管理中的应用

从消费者，销售者，生产者的角度阐明产品责任制的概念，并分析了其实现形式——自发回收和强制回收。提出了在废弃物管理中应用产品责任制的范围和实施步骤。     

Disassemblability of end-of-life vehicle: a critical review of evaluation methods

Environmental sustainability has become the main items of contest in the automotive industries. Therefore in the order to reduce the environmental impact of end-of-life vehicles, European Union, Japan, USA, and Australia laws require manufacturers to take back their products at the end of their useful life and recycle them. In order to enhance the recycling rate of the vehicle, disassemblability of the automotive components has been a major concern. In the chain of end-of-life, except for landfill and incineration, components of economic value destined for reuse, remanufacture, or recycling have first to be disassembled from the end-of-life vehicles. There are several efforts within the academic community to rationalise design for disassembly and recycling, and several attempts by industry to study these issues in the context of specific products. Recent publications offer a broad perspective on recyclability and disassemblability. It is therefore necessary to determine the optimal stage of disassembly, when all economically valuable components are retrieved. This paper presents a review of several disassemblability methods, including spread sheet-like chart, end-of-life value and time for disassembly. The review concludes on the need for an effective disassembly method in order to enhance the recovery of products.     

电冰箱的回收处理及绿色设计探讨

冰箱产品从其制造到废弃是一个庞大的产业领域，如何以较经济的方式实现废旧冰箱的可拆卸性与可回收性以及冰箱的绿色设计已经成为当今国际社会关注的热点。针对废旧冰箱的拆卸与回收的经济性、再生程序以及绿色冰箱的设计等方面进行了分析。     

Improved recycling with life cycle information tagged to the product

Rising demand for product means that the recycling of materials is now more important than ever, saving a lot of energy embedded in materials, thus reducing CO₂ emissions. Providing relevant information can raise the recycling efficiency, which is too low at present.A Recycling Information Matrix (RIM) concentrating on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is suggested in order to facilitate and improve materials recycling. Each RIM focuses on a recycling target, and for each type of product a WEEE vector is constructed. The WEEE vector contains nine hexadecimal numbers where core-recycling info is stored.The WEEE vector can provide direct recycling information escorting the product. Another possibility is to individually identify every single product via RFID technology, giving the potential to look for relevant recycling information in databases. This offers the opportunity to add waste-handling information after the product has entered the market. This would be useful, for example, in tracking substances regarded as non-toxic at time of production which might later be proven to be the opposite.This paper is based on study visits at recycling facilities in Sweden and on many student EcoDesign projects including disassembly of consumer products. Research is done on a focused disassembly of dishwashers and on a polymer recycling experiment at a recycling plant for freezers and refrigerators. Possible escort memories are also studied, especially Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID).     

废旧电子电气设备的资源化与无害化技术

数量巨大的废旧电子电气设备已成为威胁我国环境的重要固体废弃物,同时也是丰富的再生资源,介绍了国内外回收处理废弃电子电气设备的现状,讨论了当前处理利用废弃电子电气设备方面存在的主要问题,并根据废旧电子电气设备的特点,就其拆卸、电子塑料的处理以及有毒有害物质的分离等技术提出了研究开发建议。     

基于成本核算的废旧动力电池回收模式分析与趋势研究

概述了动力电池流向、回收管理体系和回收模式等管理现状,总结提出了以新能源汽车生产企业、动力电池生产企业、第三方综合利用企业和产业联盟为回收主体的四种动力电池回收模式;考虑建设成本、运行维护成本、收集成本、贮存成本、运输成本、人工成本、税收成本、管理成本等8个构成要素,构建了废旧动力电池回收成本模型;核算了四种回收模式的废旧动力电池回收成本和利润情况.核算数据显示,回收1万t/a的废旧动力电池项目,在年总收益均为8500万元的条件下,四种回收模式的利润区间为-461~401万元.结果与趋势分析表明,我国可优先推广新能源汽车生产企业为回收主体的回收模式,便于迅速布局;市场成熟后以动力电池生产企业和综合利用企业为回收主体的模式将进入市场,专业性和技术性将大幅提升;当市场更加成熟,以产业联盟为主体的回收模式将更具优势,回收成本降到最低.综上,建议从避免重复建设,缩短资金周转周期,探索创新模式,构建绿色供应链以及完善回收法律体系等方面入手,进一步完善我国废旧动力电池回收体系.     

Material hygiene: improving recycling of WEEE demonstrated on dishwashers

There must be a change in attitude towards end-of-life products. The view that these products pose a liability must be changed. Secondary material is valuable as raw material. Thus, activities encouraging changes in opinion are important.Two major EU directives guide the recycling process; the Directive of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV) and the Directive of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). Both focus on the input of the recycling system, not on what is coming out of the system.The WEEE Directive is the legislation on the European level that governs the handling and processing of these types of products. The WEEE Directive is not only aimed at stricter handling and reduction of hazardous materials but also encourages EU member states to support technical development in order to facilitate increased recycling.In order to properly address these issues a mind-set, material hygiene, has been introduced. The basic idea is to act, in every life cycle phase of the product, towards highest possible efficiency in recycling. The outcome of useful material is in focus.A study on dishwashers is made with copper outcome as target. The results are based on Swedish conditions but general conclusions can be made. Limited design efforts can raise the outcome of valuable materials, if the recycling process is organized in an optimal manner.A theoretical concept of disassembly structures is used to draw general conclusions on the case study.Increasing product recycling suitability is one side of the problem; another is increasing effectiveness of handling and processing of end-of-life products.The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of “material hygiene” and based on that demonstrate a method for grading structural properties in a recycling perspective. The findings presented in this paper are based on a field study in which a number of dishwashers were disassembled and analyzed.     

建筑废弃物产量预测及资源化处理厂选址布局优化:以重庆市主城为例

建筑废弃物资源处理厂选址不当,造成建筑废弃物收运成本过高,是当前我国建筑废弃物资源化处置未广泛运用的主要原因之一。需要通过信息集成实现选址优化,降低建筑废弃物的收运成本。为此,提出了一套以运输成本为主要优化目标的多维度选址优化方案,以重庆主城为例,结合灰色理论与指数平滑法预测建筑废弃物年产量,提出了基于GIS的资源化处理厂的备选选址方法与优化模型,形成了建筑废弃物资源化处理厂的选址布局优化方案。     

华南典型废塑料循环技术综合绩效评价

我国华南地区废塑料循环利用技术种类众多,尚未形成多元循环技术综合绩效对比分析的方法体系.以华南地区废聚丙烯(PP)为例,构建了废PP循环技术的环境-经济综合绩效评价计算方法.综合绩效结果表明,改性再生技术具有最高的综合绩效.华南地区各循环技术的综合绩效对比结果表明,应对降级利用技术进行升级,减少化学裂解与焚烧发电技术的...     

中国乘用车塑料的动态物质流分析

结合行业信息并基于动态物质流模型,本文对1950~2050年间中国乘用车塑料流量与存量进行了历史测算与情景分析.历史测算表明：1950~2018年国内乘用车行业累计消耗了以聚丙烯（PP）、聚氨酯（PU）等为主的塑料3278万t,产生了337万t塑料废弃物;报废汽车拆解后的车用废塑料仅28%得到回收利用.针对未来情况,本文设计了乘用车保有量、单车塑料使用量两大关键因素下的不同情景组合.结果显示车用塑料存量及废塑料产生量将大幅增长,到2050年存量将达到0.7~2.7亿t,废塑料产生量将达到500~1600万t,汽车拆解和塑料再生等相关行业对此应充分关注.到2050年车用废塑料回收率若能提升至80%,将减少376万t/a的车用废塑料填埋或焚烧,显著减少环境风险.