废旧电子电气设备的资源化与无害化技术

数量巨大的废旧电子电气设备已成为威胁我国环境的重要固体废弃物,同时也是丰富的再生资源,介绍了国内外回收处理废弃电子电气设备的现状,讨论了当前处理利用废弃电子电气设备方面存在的主要问题,并根据废旧电子电气设备的特点,就其拆卸、电子塑料的处理以及有毒有害物质的分离等技术提出了研究开发建议。     

Material hygiene: improving recycling of WEEE demonstrated on dishwashers

There must be a change in attitude towards end-of-life products. The view that these products pose a liability must be changed. Secondary material is valuable as raw material. Thus, activities encouraging changes in opinion are important.Two major EU directives guide the recycling process; the Directive of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV) and the Directive of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). Both focus on the input of the recycling system, not on what is coming out of the system.The WEEE Directive is the legislation on the European level that governs the handling and processing of these types of products. The WEEE Directive is not only aimed at stricter handling and reduction of hazardous materials but also encourages EU member states to support technical development in order to facilitate increased recycling.In order to properly address these issues a mind-set, material hygiene, has been introduced. The basic idea is to act, in every life cycle phase of the product, towards highest possible efficiency in recycling. The outcome of useful material is in focus.A study on dishwashers is made with copper outcome as target. The results are based on Swedish conditions but general conclusions can be made. Limited design efforts can raise the outcome of valuable materials, if the recycling process is organized in an optimal manner.A theoretical concept of disassembly structures is used to draw general conclusions on the case study.Increasing product recycling suitability is one side of the problem; another is increasing effectiveness of handling and processing of end-of-life products.The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of “material hygiene” and based on that demonstrate a method for grading structural properties in a recycling perspective. The findings presented in this paper are based on a field study in which a number of dishwashers were disassembled and analyzed.     

一种面向材料回收和元器件再利用的WEEE回收技术

文章以废旧电脑为例介绍了自主开发的一种面向材料回收和元器件再利用的废旧电子电器产品(WEEE)的回收与再利用技术,详细讨论了该技术的四个关键单元:阴极射线管(CRT)回收,电路板拆解,印刷线路板(PCB)回收和元器件可再利用性测试。该技术通过环境友好的材料回收工艺和电路板的自动化无损拆解可实现最大的材料和元器件回收率,从而实现较高的WEEE回收收益。     

基于生产者责任延伸的中国电子废物环境管理政策研究

电子废物具有资源价值性和环境污染性的双重属性,其循环利用及其污染控制已成为国内外研究的热点。在分析我国电子废物环境管理政策及取得成效的基础上,提出了当前制约我国该行业可持续发展的主要挑战和问题。最后借鉴日本电子废物管理相关经验,并基于生产者责任延伸原则,提出了完善基金补贴制度,加强目录外电子废物管理,加大电子废物处理企业融资扶持力度、进一步提升第三方审核机构的专业化水平,加强“垃圾分类回收”与“再生资源回收”的有效衔接,健全废弃电器电子产品回收处理信息系统等建议,以期为进一步完善我国电子废物环境管理制度体系提供技术支持。     

电子废弃物中元器件的拆解与再利用

电子废弃物产生数量和种类的迅速增加,使之成为一个全球性的环境问题。不当的处理方式对环境也造成了严重的污染。因此,电子废弃物的回收利用技术研究显得十分必要,文章简要概括了国外电子废弃物资源化工艺流程,重点介绍了适合我国国情的材料再生与元器件再利用相结合的电子废弃物资源化技术,并且进行了经济性比较与分析。     

中国废弃电器电子产品回收体系发展现状及建议研究

随着中国电子产业的飞速发展和人们消费水平的提高,电器电子产品的拥有量和报废量都持续攀升,废弃电器电子产品(以下简称“废电器”)已成为中国增长速度最快的固体废弃物之一。如何规范有效的回收废电器,建立正规回收渠道,完善回收管理体系是中国废电器管理面临的难题之一。通过对中国废电器的定义、特点以及回收链特征进行概述,结合中国废电器回收体系的发展现状,综合分析回收体系建立的必要性,对中国废电器回收体系管理提出对策和建议。     

废弃电子电器设备回收利用现状及技术分析

分析了电子电器设备的结构、组成及可资源化物质,介绍了目前的电子电器设备回收处理现状及技术,阐述了困扰回收处理的因素,展望了废弃电子电器设备的回收利用前景。     

我国电子废弃物回收管理发展现状

我国的电子废弃物存在着产量大、资源化率低、污染危害严重等问题,其回收处理形势十分严峻。文章简要阐述了典型发达国家的电子废弃物回收体系概况,总结了我国电子废弃物回收方面的相关立法管理和具体工程实践,分析了当前国内回收体系存在的弊端,并对最新实施的家电以旧换新政策进行了重点评述,分析了其在完善我国电子废弃物正规回收体系上取得的积极成果和重要意义。同时,就我国电子废弃物回收管理体系的发展,结合相关学者的研究成果,提出了相应的措施和建议。     

An assessment of the recycling potential of materials basedon environmental and economic factors; case study in South Korea

As the generation of waste home appliances increases continuously with economic growth, the importance of recycling becomes more apparent. Many home appliances we use today are recyclable, and recyclable materials from the waste home appliances can be used to create new or refurbishing products. To do that, first of all, we have to know and consider the recyclable materials' recycling potential with environmental and economic information. In this study, an evaluation method to assess recycling potential considering both the environmental and economic factors was suggested for the materials recovered from waste home appliances. Life cycle assessment (LCA) method was applied to obtain the environmental score (S_Env) and an actual value and a static economic model was used to obtain the economic score (S_Eco). The recycling potential for recyclable materials was calculated by using the S_Env and S_Eco along with weighting factors derived from an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method. With the calculated data and evaluation method for the recycling materials, this study could provide useful information for decision makers and product designers in the design for environment (DfE).     

面向经济回收的产品设计系统构成

面向回收的产品设计能够使废旧产品得到更好的回收和重用，优化拆卸序列的生成必须基于产品拆卸的经济性分析。论述了面向经济回收的产品设计系统的构成及相关的关键问题，分析了产品的零件材料回收价值与拆卸工艺，建立了零件材料合理回收的评估方法。     

The recycling cycle of materials as a design project tool

Currently, a large number of companies consider recycling of materials as an opportunity to maximize profits and to reduce the environmental impact generated by these materials after they are disposed. However, there is also a strong constraint on the use of recycled materials mainly due to the lack of technical/scientific information, which would relate their physical properties to their recycling cycle. This information should be used in the initial phase of the product design to serve as reference for the simulation of a project to point out the physical properties obtained from recycling the Projected material (Pm). Thus, it would be possible to foresee some recycling strategy to keep the good characteristics of recycled materials by encouraging their use, regardless of the product to be designed.Therefore, the Recycling Cycle of Materials (RCM) is a tool that provides scientific/technical support in the selection of materials. It uses the information related to the physical properties of the Pm as a parameter for product design after five recycling cycles. For the case study, this tool has been applied to obtain the basic material of ABS/PC blend. Subsequently, this blend was evaluated using DSC, FTIR, traction and impact methods to obtain delimiting data for the definition of the mechanical properties resulting from the application of RCM.     

电子废弃物中贵重金属的回收技术研究

目前电子废弃物数量巨大,对生态环境产生了严重的危害,并且其中的贵重金属成分的潜在价值很高,所以,对电子废弃物中的贵重金属的回收迫在眉睫。总结了电子废弃物处理的传统技术,包括机械处理、火法和湿法冶金技术等。针对以上方法的特点及流程,从技术上和经济上分析其存在的问题,以及对环境造成的影响。另外,详细介绍了生物技术和超临界流体萃取技术在回收贵重金属方面的研究和发展趋势。最后,简要评述了国内电子废弃物处理所面临的问题,并提出了可能的解决方案。     

电冰箱的回收处理及绿色设计探讨

冰箱产品从其制造到废弃是一个庞大的产业领域，如何以较经济的方式实现废旧冰箱的可拆卸性与可回收性以及冰箱的绿色设计已经成为当今国际社会关注的热点。针对废旧冰箱的拆卸与回收的经济性、再生程序以及绿色冰箱的设计等方面进行了分析。     

电子废弃物资源化的研究与进展

探讨了电子废弃物资源化的意义,重点研究了电子废弃物中金属、塑料、玻璃的回收技术,以及国内外电子废弃物的资源再利用现状。建立有效的回收体系,最大限度地循环利用资源,使我国的电子和电器制造业及电子废弃物处理业协调发展。     

中国电子垃圾管理对策的研究

日益严重的电子垃圾污染已直接或间接地危害到人类的健康,因此,电子垃圾的有效管理变得越来越重要。文章简要分析了目前世界总体电子垃圾的产生特点以及中国电子垃圾的污染现状,通过分析中国对于电子垃圾污染和管理采取的一系列政策和措施的有效性,重点对比研究了现阶段中国与几个发达国家电子垃圾的管理回收手段及政策,试图寻找中国电子垃圾管理的有效措施。最后,综合各国管理经验提出了电子垃圾的管理方案,从而为中国的电子垃圾管理提供借鉴与建议。     

我国电子废弃物的管理及发展道路研究

我国电子废弃物的处理处置正向产业化方向稳步推进。本文概括了电子废弃物的特点,以及我国目前处理电子废弃物的现状。遵照循环经济理念,并基于我国国情,提出了我国在电子废弃物处理处置过程中应遵循的主要原则和今后的发展方向。     

Development of a life cycle assessment tool for construction and maintenance of asphalt pavements

The increasing use of recycled materials in asphalt pavements calls for environmental assessment of such impacts as the energy input and CO₂ footprint. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is being accepted by the road industry for such purpose. It aims to quantify and collate all the environmental impacts from the life time of the product or process. This paper reviews relevant LCA resources worldwide, identifies the knowledge gap for the road industry, and describes the development of an LCA model for pavement construction and maintenance that accommodates recycling and up-to-date research findings. Details are provided of both the methodology and data acquisition. This is followed by a discussion of the challenges of applying LCA to the pavement construction practice, and recommendations for further work. In the case study, the model is applied to an asphalt paving project at London Heathrow Terminal-5 (LHR), in which natural aggregates were replaced with waste glass, incinerator bottom ash (IBA) and recycled asphalt pavements (RAP). Production of hot mix asphalt and bitumen was found to represent the energy intensive processes. This is followed by data analysis and sensitivity check. Further development of the model includes expanding the database to accommodate the recycling and maintenance practice in the UK, and taking into account the effect that roadwork has on traffic emissions. The LCA model can be further tested and calibrated as a decision support tool for sustainable construction in the road industry.     

中国特色生产者责任延伸制度建设模式初探

概述了生产者责任延伸制度在发达国家的实施模式及其效果;探讨了建立中国PRO机构的可行性;提出了虚拟企业利用规模化资源共享来为群体用户提供信息化服务的设想;论述了“污染源”回收与无害化资源综合利用将成为下一轮投资热点的理由;简述了我国WEEE回收处理网络建设与推广项目的进展情况,以及发起单位下一步工作部署的部分内容。     

Disassemblability of end-of-life vehicle: a critical review of evaluation methods

Environmental sustainability has become the main items of contest in the automotive industries. Therefore in the order to reduce the environmental impact of end-of-life vehicles, European Union, Japan, USA, and Australia laws require manufacturers to take back their products at the end of their useful life and recycle them. In order to enhance the recycling rate of the vehicle, disassemblability of the automotive components has been a major concern. In the chain of end-of-life, except for landfill and incineration, components of economic value destined for reuse, remanufacture, or recycling have first to be disassembled from the end-of-life vehicles. There are several efforts within the academic community to rationalise design for disassembly and recycling, and several attempts by industry to study these issues in the context of specific products. Recent publications offer a broad perspective on recyclability and disassemblability. It is therefore necessary to determine the optimal stage of disassembly, when all economically valuable components are retrieved. This paper presents a review of several disassemblability methods, including spread sheet-like chart, end-of-life value and time for disassembly. The review concludes on the need for an effective disassembly method in order to enhance the recovery of products.     

论电子废物回收处理项目BOT投资方式的可行性

在初步探索电子废物回收处理项目BOT建设方式的基础上,通过对外资争先抢滩中国私募股投资领域主要意图的分析,探寻WEEE项目私募股权融资的可行性;提出了对标的必要性和几种主要做法;简述了WEEE项目BOT融资方式的法律特点及政府保证责任的法律冲突与风险。