萍乡蔬菜种植区土壤中重金属含量及潜在生态危害研究

为了解萍乡蔬菜种植区土壤环境质量和污染状况,采用综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对采样区土壤的环境质量进行了评价.结果表明,所有重金属的均值均未超过土壤环境质量标准中的二级标准,其单项污染指数依次为Hg>Ni>Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb>As>Cr,其中Cd、Hg、Pb、Ni含量均高于对应元素的江西省土壤重金属背景值,但土壤的综合污染指数和潜在生态危害指数都较低.总的来说,萍乡蔬菜种植区土壤环境质量处于清洁和安全范围内,生态风险较低.     

中草药种植区土壤及草药中重金属含量状况及评价

通过野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了河北省安国市中草药种植区土壤重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd的含量、空间分布特征及草药中重金属含量状况,以及不同中草药对土壤重金属的累积特征,并对种植区土壤和草药重金属污染程度进行了评价.结果表明,种植区土壤重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd含量均值分别为12.9、 0.036、 15.6、 0.118 mg·kg-1,均低于相应<土壤环境质量标准>二级标准值;以土壤背景值为标准评价,单项污染指数评价结果显示,16个中药种植区中土壤 As、Hg、Pb、Cd达轻度污染的比例分别为18.75%、43.75%、0%、100%,且6.25%的种植区土壤Hg污染达到中度水平.综合污染指数评价结果表明,12.5%种植区土壤重金属污染等级为警戒级,其余各地区均处于轻度污染水平;而以<土壤环境质量标准>二级标准值评价,各种植区单项污染指数及综合污染指数结果均<0.7,土壤环境清洁;绝大多数(>95%)种植区草药样品污染指数<1,不同中草药对土壤重金属的累积能力存在明显差异:紫菀、知母对Cd的富集系数及白芷、北沙参对Hg富集系数均>1.因此,在中药GAP(优良农业生产)基地土壤质量评价过程中,应重视中草药自身特性对重金属吸收和累积的影响.     

长沙“百里茶廊”茶园土壤重金属含量及环境质量特征

采用野外调查采样和室内分析方法测定了长沙"百里茶廊"茶叶基地土壤重金属含量,研究了其分布特征及变化规律,并用污染指数方法评价了其土壤环境质量.结果表明,土壤全铅、全汞、全镉、全铬、全砷和全镍含量值基本在土壤背景值范围内,平均含量值分别为42.7、0.068、0.074、92.2、12.4和19.5 mg/kg.均低于无公害茶叶产地环境条件标准(NY 5020-2001)所要求的最低值.根据国家<土壤环境质量标准>,长沙"百里茶廊"茶叶基地的土壤环境质量全部符合国家二级标准.且汞、镉、镍元素的含量达到国家一级标准.除湘丰茶场土壤铬的单项污染指数为0.837,处于警戒级别土壤质量尚清洁外,其它5种重金属的单项污染指数均小于0.7,处于安全级别土壤清洁无污染.6个茶叶基地的综合污染指数均小于0.7.表明长沙"百里茶廊"茶叶基地的土壤环境质量总体达到安全级别土壤清洁无污染.适合无公害茶叶基地的建设.     

钼矿区农业土壤重金属污染调查与评价

采用单因子污染指数法和多因子综合指数法对葫芦岛市钼矿区的农业土壤重金属污染情况进行评价。评价结果,土壤的主要污染因子为Zn、Cd和Mo,土壤环境质量属严重污染,建议对污染土壤进一步做适宜性评价,采取合理有效的利用保护开发途径。     

茶园土壤和茶叶中重金属的监测与污染评价

测定了西南地区主要茶园土壤和茶叶中的重金属Pb,Cr,Cu,Cd,Hg和As含量,结合茶园土壤和茶叶的卫生质量标准,采用单因子污染指数法和Nemerow污染指数法进行污染评价。结果表明:西南地区茶叶和茶园土壤中6种重金属的含量都在相应的质量标准范围内,单因子污染指数和Nemerow污染指数均<1.0。但乐山和川茶群体土壤中的Cd综合污染指数达到0.69,接近安全等级的上限0.70。总体看来茶叶和茶园土壤未受这6种重金属元素的污染,茶叶和茶园土壤环境质量总体良好。缙云山茶和银芽中Cd和Hg是高富集元素,川茶群体中Hg是高富集元素。     

基于PMF模型的宁南山区小流域土壤重金属空间分布及来源解析

为探明宁南山区小流域土壤重金属污染分布特征及主要污染源,确保土壤环境质量.采集并测定了 260个表层(0～20 cm)土壤样品重金属Pb、Ni、Zn、Mn、Cu、Cr和Cd.基于宁夏土壤背景值,通过单因素和Nemera综合指数评价土壤重金属污染现状,使用潜在生态风险指数对生态环境风险水平进行评价,利用正定矩阵因子分析法...     

许昌市土壤环境质量评价及污染防治对策研究

对许昌市基本农田、蔬菜基地及畜禽养殖场的土壤进行采样监测,采用土壤单项污染指数和土壤內梅罗综合污染指数对土壤环境质量进行评价.土壤內梅罗综合污染指数评价结果表明,许昌市土壤环境质量状况总体良好.土壤单项污染指数评价结果表明,基本农田中有一个采样点受到镍的轻微污染,蔬菜基地中有2个采样点受到六六六、滴滴涕农药残留汚染.并针对土壤污染提出了科学合理的土壤环境污染防治对策.     

马鞍山市基本农田区土壤环境质量评价研究

选取马鞍山市范围内在行政区域、作物种类和土壤质量上有明显不同的3个基本农田区作为监测评价对象,监测项目包括土壤理化性质、无机和有机污染物共15项.根据监测结果,采用单项污染指数和综合污染指数来评价土壤环境质量.结果表明：3块基本农田所测的无机和有机污染物含量,全部达标;按污染指数综合平均值评价,3块基本农田均为清洁（安全）等级.最后分析了污染成因并提出建议.     

横山水库取水口土壤环境质量现状及思考研究

为了保障人民的饮水安全,今年全国首次对水库取水口周边土壤进行监测,了解水源地的土壤环境质量.宜兴通过对横山水库取水口土壤的分析,以《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)中土壤自然背景值为对照进行评价,利用单项污染指数和综合污染指数进行等级划分,同时对比宜兴农田、菜地、茶园的土壤状况和江苏地区其他类型土壤的污染状况,对饮用水源地的土壤保护工作进行思考,建立土壤环境质量定期调查和例行监测制度,全面提升土壤环境综合监管能力.     

定西市饮用水源地周边土壤环境质量调查

调查定西市饮用水源地周边土壤环境质量状况,并应用单项污染指数、内梅罗综合质量指数、土壤污染分担率评价。结果表明,两处集中式饮用水源地周边土壤综合质量指数分别为:0.7相似文献   

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.