Bioaccumulation of hexachlorobenzene in Eisenia foetida at different aging stages

The impacts of contact time on the extractability, the availability of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in different soils (paddy soil, red soil, and fluvo-aquic soil) and bioaccurnulation in earthworm Eisenia foetida were investigated under controlled conditions in laboratory. Results indicated that the aging rate of HCB displaying a biphasic character in different soils: a rapid aging in the first 60 d followed by a slow aging in the next 120 d incubation time. Moreover, most of extractable HCB (about 90%) decline occurred in the first 60 d after HCB was spiked into the soils. The aging rate of HCB in the paddy soil was higher than that in the fluvo-aquic soil or the red soil. The amount of HCB accumulated in the earthworms and its accumulative ability, expressed as a bioaccumulation factor (BAF), declined as the aging time increased from 1 to 180 d. Although the extractable HCB decreased with increasing residence time in soil, much of HCB could still be accumulated by earthworms (457.6-984.3 ng/g) through bioaccumulation, which poses a potential risk to soil ecological safety.     

Bioaccumulation of hexachlorobenzene in Eisenia foetida at di erent aging stages

The impacts of contact time on the extractability, the availability of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in di erent soils (paddy soil, red soil, and fluvo-aquic soil) and bioaccumulation in earthworm Eisenia foetida were investigated under controlled conditions in laboratory. Results indicated that the aging rate of HCB displaying a biphasic character in di erent soils: a rapid aging in the first 60 d followed by a slow aging in the next 120 d incubation time. Moreover, most of extractable HCB (about 90%) decline occurred in the first 60 d after HCB was spiked into the soils. The aging rate of HCB in the paddy soil was higher than that in the fluvo-aquic soil or the red soil. The amount of HCB accumulated in the earthworms and its accumulative ability, expressed as a bioaccumulation factor (BAF), declined as the aging time increased from 1 to 180 d. Although the extractable HCB decreased with increasing residence time in soil, much of HCB could still be accumulated by earthworms (457.6–984.3 ng/g) through bioaccumulation, which poses a potential risk to soil ecological safety.     

水稻土中外源Cd老化的动力学特征与老化因子

选择5种不同性质的水稻土,通过外源添加制备了6个不同浓度梯度的Cd污染土壤,研究了外源Cd在几种水稻土中的老化动力学特征与影响因子;同时利用盆栽实验,结合Log-logistic分布模型,研究了5个不同老化时间(14、30、60、90和180d)与土壤中Cd对二种不同Cd敏感性水稻生长毒性的影响.结果表明,不同浓度外源Cd进入土壤后,0.05mol/L EDTA-2Na浸提的有效态Cd含量随着老化时间的增加而逐渐下降;与14d处理相比,老化30d后土壤中有效态Cd降幅达21.5%(红壤)~38.0%(黑土);老化90d后,土壤中Cd进入慢反应阶段. 基于二级动力学方程的拟合参数显示,土壤中Cd的老化特征表现为有效态Cd含量在30~60d内快速降低,随后变化减缓,经过90d的老化后,土壤中有效态Cd含量逐渐趋于平衡.基于老化动力学方程参数(C∞及K2)与土壤性质间的相关性分析表明,土壤pH值是影响Cd有效态含量变化的主控因子,其次是土壤CEC和OC含量.在不同性质土壤中,随着老化时间的增加,土壤中外源Cd对水稻生长毒性的半抑制浓度(EC50)值显著升高;与14d老化处理相比,经过180d老化后土壤中Cd对水稻生长毒性的EC50增加72.1%~195.0%;在大于90d的长期老化过程中,土壤pH值对Cd老化过程的影响逐渐降低,而CEC的影响逐渐上升,尽管如此,土壤中Cd老化过程的主要影响因子仍然是土壤pH,而与测试的2种水稻品种无关.     

Tracing the behaviour of hexachlorobenzene in a paddy soil-rice system over a growth season

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), a persistent organic pollutant (POP), has been found in paddy soils. To improve the understanding of HCB contamination in paddy soils, a laboratory simulative study was carried out to investigate the behavior of HCB in a paddy soil and rice plants. This study was divided into three experiments. First, an experiment aimed to examine the evaporation of HCB in paddy soil. In the second experiment, rice was planted in 10 mg/kg HCB contaminated soil and after pot culture at 3, 6, 9, and 27 weeks (at maturity), both soil and plant samplings were scheduled to be sampled. The soil samples comprised rhizosphere soil, nonrhizosphere soil, and unplanted contaminated soil, whereas plant samples included shoots, roots, and rice grains (dehusked). Lastly, in this part, HCB in xylem saps was designed to be examined. The results showed that (1) the HCB translocation from paddy soil to rice by vaporization; (2) the HCB concentration in rice grains was surprisingly high; (3) the observed HCB decrease in rice rhizosphere offers a potential means for in situ HCB degradation; (4) HCB might not be transported along transpiration in rice.     

甘肃省及其周边地区土壤六氯苯污染特征

2011年3月采集甘肃省及其周边地区城区、农村和背景区三类采样区32个采样点的表层土壤样品,应用GC-MSD对其六氯苯含量进行分析测定.结果表明,研究区土壤六氯苯(HCB)检出率高达96.9%,平均污染水平为1.21ng/g,检出范围为n.d.~11.7ng/g;空间污染特征为:城区>农村>背景;研究区内大部分地区土壤中HCB来源是大气长距离迁移沉降,庆阳地区表现为工业和农业源,西宁、兰州地区主要是工业源,张掖、金昌地区主要是农业源;研究区土壤HCB与土壤有机质含量之间呈显著正相关;对HCB土壤生态系统风险进行初评表明:除庆阳和西宁地区外,其余采样点土壤环境处于相对安全状态.     

Effect of ionic strength on adsorption of As(Ⅲ) and As(V) on variable charge soils

The study was to investigate the adsorption behavior of arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) on two variable charge soils, i.e., Haplic Acrisol and Rhodic Ferralsol at dierent ionic strengths and pH with batch methods. Results indicated that the amount of As(III) adsorbed by these two soils increased with increasing solution pH, whereas it decreased with increasing ionic strength under the acidic condition. This suggested that As(III) was mainly adsorbed on soil positive charge sites through electrostati...     

加速溶剂萃取法评价土壤中六氯苯和五氯苯对水稻根的生物有效性

采用温室盆栽实验,选择红壤性水稻土和乌栅土,分别设定对照及添加1%和2%有机肥的处理,评价水稻根系对土壤中六氯苯(HCB)及其主要降解产物五氯苯(PeCB)的吸收富集能力,并比较水稻根中富集的HCB或PeCB量与4种溶剂(体积比3/1的正己烷/丙酮、乙醇、正己烷、水)提取的土壤中HCB或PeCB量的相关性,以评价土壤中HCB和PeCB对水稻根的生物有效性.结果表明,红壤性水稻土和乌栅土中,水稻根富集的HCB浓度平均分别为364.1和306.0ng/g,水稻根中PeCB浓度平均分别为12.7和28.7ng/g,主要原因是HCB在红壤性水稻土中的降解效率低于乌栅土.2种土壤中添加1%和2%的有机肥抑制HCB降解,因此降低水稻根中PeCB的浓度.水稻根中HCB和PeCB与4种溶剂提取的土壤中HCB和PeCB量的相关系数大小次序均为:乙醇正己烷/丙酮正己烷水,表明采用乙醇提取的土壤中HCB和PeCB量对评价其对水稻根生物有效性的效果最佳.4种溶剂中,仅乙醇提取的土壤中HCB与水稻根中HCB量呈显著正相关,而除水以外的其它3种溶剂提取的土壤中PeCB与水稻根中PeCB量均显著正相关.本研究表明,采用加速溶剂萃取法,通过选择合适的提取溶剂,评价土壤中HCB和PeCB对水稻根的生物有效性具有可行性.     

施用堆腐有机肥对水稻土中六氯苯脱氯降解影响

采用水稻盆栽实验,供试土壤为红壤性水稻土和乌栅土,分别设定对照及添加1%和2%堆腐有机肥的处理,研究施用该有机肥对六氯苯(HCB)在种水稻土壤中还原脱氯降解的影响,并分析甲烷生成与HCB脱氯降解的关系.结果表明,18周之后,红壤性水稻土中HCB可提取态残留减少了28.6%～30.1%,乌栅土中HCB可提取态残留减少了47.3%～61.0%;水稻植株吸收的HCB及其降解产物量仅为土壤中HCB初始量的千分之几;HCB发生脱氯降解主要生成五氯苯(PeCB);由于乌栅土的pH和可溶性有机碳含量均高于红壤性水稻土,HCB在乌栅土中的脱氯降解效率较高;在红壤性水稻土中和乌栅土中,施用1%和2%堆腐有机肥分别在第6和第10周后显著抑制PeCB生成,且PeCB生成速率在有机肥的2个添加水平之间均无显著差异;产甲烷菌在脱氯降解中的作用因环境条件而异.     

北京地区土壤中有机氯农药类POPs残留状况研究

2004年5—7月采集了北京地区115个土壤表层样品,利用ASE萃取技术,使用GC/MS方法测定了样品中的六氯苯、氯丹、滴滴涕(DDT,DDE和DDD)、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯和灭蚁灵的检出率及残留量.结果表明,北京土壤中六氯苯、滴滴涕的检出率很高,狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、灭蚁灵未检出.总有机氯农药类POPs物质质量分数平均值为77.7 μg/kg.其中滴滴涕占总有机氯农药类POPs物质的98.9%,是北京地区土壤中残留有机氯农药类POPs物质的主要成分,城市公园、园林土壤是城市滴滴涕的主要污染源.六氯苯是北京地区土壤中普遍存在的一类持久性有机污染物,但残留量很低.氯丹检出率和残留量均很低,六氯苯和氯丹没有对土壤质量造成危害.      

铁氧化物与丙酸对土壤中六氯苯厌氧降解影响

采用红壤性水稻土进行厌氧培养试验,设定灭菌对照、对照、丙酸、针铁矿、丙酸+针铁矿5个处理,分析铁氧化物、丙酸及其交互作用对土壤中六氯苯还原脱氯过程的影响及其反应机制.结果表明,培养40d后,5个处理的土壤中六氯苯可提取态残留量分别减少了26.9%、48.5%、63.4%、56.9%和72.9%;六氯苯还原脱氯主要生成五氯苯;添加丙酸在整个培养过程均显著促进六氯苯还原脱氯降解;添加针铁矿在培养前期促进六氯苯还原脱氯的效果明显;同时添加丙酸和针铁矿对促进六氯苯还原脱氯具有协同作用.     

黑麦草根际环境对多氯代有机物污染的响应效应

为探索植物修复技术的根际机理,采用根箱模拟试验,研究黑麦草根际环境对多氯代有机物污染的响应效应. 结果表明,与对照处理相比,根际、近根际和远根际土壤中多氯代有机污染物含量变化情况各不相同;与黑麦草吸收特性相吻合,土壤中多氯代有机污染物有从非根际向根际环境迁移的趋势,土培期末的根际、近根际和远根际土壤中w(HCB)分别为0.313、0.219和0.207 mg/kg,w(p,p′-DDT)分别为0.351、0.230和0.221 mg/kg;黑麦草的地下部分对多氯代有机污染物的吸收利用程度均大于地上部分,吸收高峰期的植物地下和地上部分w(HCB)分别为0.716和0.078 mg/kg,w(p,p′-DDT)分别为0.745和0.065 mg/kg;土壤微生物在很大程度上影响着黑麦草对多氯代有机污染物的吸收能力;在不同处理中,根际、近根际和远根际土壤的pH、w(有机质)和过氧化氢酶活性的变化情况各有差异,根际和近根际土壤环境理化性质的改变较大,而远根际土壤环境的改变相对较小.      

模拟水泥窑工艺对污染土壤热解吸尾气中六氯苯的去除效果

为了降低HCB(六氯苯)污染土壤热解吸修复的成本,分析了水泥窑处理技术去除污染土壤热解吸尾气中HCB的可行性,主要考察了处理温度、停留时间、φ(O₂)和ρ(HCB)初始值对HCB去除的影响. 结果表明:①随着处理温度的升高和停留时间的延长,HCB的去除率逐渐升高,其中,当处理温度≥800 ℃、停留时间≥2 s时,其去除率高于99.93%. ②当处理温度为900 ℃、停留时间为2 s、ρ(HCB)初始值分别为1.70、17.00和85.00 mg/m3时,水泥窑处理后尾气中ρ(HCB)分别为0.60、0.78和1.50 μg/m3,其与ρ(HCB)初始值并不成正比,说明ρ(HCB)初始值对HCB去除的影响较小;φ(O₂)≥2%时对HCB去除的影响也较小. ③水泥窑处理后,HCB的脱氯降解产物中仅有五氯苯被检出,ρ(五氯苯)最大值为1.20 μg/m3;同时处理过程中伴有少量的二英产生,但ρ(二英)满足GB 30485—2013《水泥窑协同处置固体废物污染控制标准》要求. 结果显示,模拟水泥窑工艺可有效去除污染土壤热解吸尾气中的HCB.      

处理温度和时间对六氯苯污染土壤热解吸修复的影响

以山东潮土作为供试土壤,模拟HCB(六氯苯)污染土壤的热解吸试验研究. 考察处理温度和时间2个主要影响因素对热解吸后土壤中HCB的去除率及其热解产物变化的影响. 结果表明:随处理温度的升高和处理时间的延长,HCB的去除率逐渐增大,在处理温度400 ℃、处理时间10 min时,HCB的去除率达到94.2%;在处理温度450 ℃、处理时间60 min时,HCB 的去除率达到99.4 %,去除效果明显,w(HCB)达到HJ 350—2007《展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准》的A级标准限值(≤0.66 mg/kg);继续升高处理温度和延长处理时间对HCB的去除率改变不大. HCB的热解吸过程不仅是HCB的物理分离过程,也存在HCB的还原脱氯过程,HCB的热解产物主要为1,3,5-TCB(1,3,5-三氯苯)和1,2,4-TCB(1,2,4-三氯苯);处理温度450 ℃、处理时间60 min为该污染土壤较为合适的热解吸运行参数.      

退役井场老化油污土壤的生物强化修复技术

退役井场油污土壤含油量低、原油重质化严重,为恢复其土壤属性,探索原位生物强化修复技术。在分析油污土壤中原油性质和土著菌群结构的基础上,优选配伍好的外源嗜烃菌,并应用生物促进剂,以及将菌剂固定化以提升其抗环境冲击能力,提升现场生物修复效率。结果表明:井场油污土壤平均含油率为14.6 mg/g,重质组分含量达到57%,土著菌群结构中缺少降解重质组分的微生物。室内优选2株具有协同效应的重质组分降解菌,在生物促进剂用量为500 mg/L和以锯末固定外源菌条件下,降解达标时间由120 d缩减至80 d。现场开展了2700 m2场地原位修复试验,采用地耕法工艺,修复8个月后含油率由14.6 mg/g降至3.30 mg/g,达到GB 36600—2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》建设用地Ⅱ类用地要求。优选的重质油降解菌剂能提升原油污染物的降解速率,通过促进剂和菌剂投加方式的优化,可有效缩短修复周期。     

生物质炭对土壤中氯苯类物质生物有效性的影响及评价方法

通过室内培养实验,设定对照和添加1%小麦秸秆生物质炭处理,研究生物质炭对土壤中氯苯类物质老化残留的影响,并通过丁醇、HPCD和Tenax这3种化学提取方法以及蚯蚓富集实验评价土壤中氯苯类物质生物有效性的变化.老化4个月后,对照处理中六氯苯、五氯苯和1,2,4,5-四氯苯的残留率分别为29.87%、18.02%、5.16%,而添加1%生物质炭处理中六氯苯、五氯苯和1,2,4,5-四氯苯的残留率分别为68.25%、61.32%和58.02%,表明添加生物质炭能够抑制氯苯的消减.丁醇、HPCD和Tenax提取和蚯蚓富集实验结果表明,添加生物质炭显著降低土壤中氯苯的生物有效性(P<0.05),并随老化时间延长,降低效果更为显著.不同提取剂对氯苯的提取效率不同,丁醇和Tenax对氯苯的提取率为六氯苯>五氯苯>1,2,4,5-四氯苯,而HPCD对氯苯的提取率为1,2,4,5-四氯苯>五氯苯>六氯苯.添加生物质炭可显著降低蚯蚓对氯苯的生物富集因子(P<0.05).本研究表明,生物质炭能降低土壤中有机污染物的生物有效性,但高污染残留存在潜在的环境风险.     

Aging effect on the mobility and bioavailability of copper in soil

Aging effect on the mobility and bioavailability of copper (Cu) was investigated using a spiked soil with different incubation periods from 3 to 56 d. Wheat was planted and earthworm was cultured separately in the incubated soils. The mobility of Cu in soil was evaluated by a chemical fractionation scheme and the toxicity and bioavailability were assessed by measuring the biomass and Cu concentration in tissues. Results showed that aging had a significant effect on Cu fraction distribution, of which Cu tended to incorporate from the exchangeable into more stable fractions such as the reducible and oxidisable fractions. However, aging had little effect on Cu bioavailability to wheat and earthworms. Comparing the soil being incubated for 3 d and 56 d, Cu concentration in wheat roots decreased from 14.5 to 12.8 mg/kg, and no significant changes in Cu concentration were observed in both wheat shoots and earthworms. The Cu concentration was around 2.0 and 50 mg/kg for wheat shoots and earthworms, respectively, irrespective of soil incubation time. The CaCl2-extractable Cu had a linear relationship with Cu concentration in wheat roots (R2 = 0.65, P < 0.05), but no linear relationship can be found for wheat shoots and earthworms. Biological control may be more crucial for Cu accumulation in organism than the changes in soil Cu fraction caused by aging.     

地下河流域土壤中有机氯农药分布及来源分析

为研究有机氯农药在重庆青木关地下河流域土壤中的分布特征及来源,采用GC-μECD对17个代表性表层土壤样品进行分析.结果显示,研究区土壤中OCPs的含量范围是7.29~222.42ng/g,平均值为46.15ng/g.HCHs、DDTs在所有样品中均有检出,HCHs的含量范围是0.55~26.54ng/g,DDTs的含量范围是4.31~213.50ng/g.HCB的检出率达到88%,其含量范围是n.d.~1.78ng/g.研究区土壤中HCHs可能来源于工业HCHs残留和林丹的混合源,且由于环境影响,土壤中HCH的同系物之间发生了明显变化.DDTs主要来源于工业DDTs的非法使用,而非三氯杀螨醇类型的DDTs,并且仍有新的DDTs输入.与国内其他地区同类研究相比,本研究区土壤中HCHs、DDTs的残留水平较低;与国外相关研究相比,研究区内土壤中HCHs和DDTs的含量均高于德国、埃及、罗马尼亚土壤中HCHs和DDTs的含量.     

污染土壤淋洗液中六氯苯的电化学法处理研究

采用电化学稳定性较好的钛基镀RuO2为阳极,以不锈钢板为阴极,对污染土壤淋洗液中的六氯苯进行电化学处理,研究了溶液初始pH值、HCB初始浓度、电解时间、电解质浓度、外加电压等因素对六氯苯处理效果的影响。所得最佳工艺条件为:用TX-100做增溶剂时,在HCB初始浓度300μg/L、溶液初始pH为3,电解质浓度为1%,外加电压为6V时,电解3hHCB去除率为60.3%。气相色谱分析表明:阴极还原脱氯是HCB电化学降解的主要途径,检出的降解产物有五氯苯、1,2,4,5-四氯苯和1,2,3,4-四氯苯。     

外加芘在2种水稻土及其团聚体培养中的老化及其可浸提性和生物有效性的变化

老化是指有机污染物进入土壤后,随着时间的增加,其生物有效性、毒性和可浸提性会逐渐下降的现象.采用室内培养法研究了外加多环芳烃芘在2种水稻土乌栅土(潜育型水稻土)和黄泥土(潴育型水稻土)及其不同粒组团聚体中的老化现象,并采用二氯甲烷提取和蚯蚓吸收试验比较了培养老化后外加多环芳烃芘的可浸提性和生物有效性的变化.结果表明,培养90d后芘的浸提率下降了15%~23%,蚯蚓的摄食量也下降了37%~67%,说明外加有机污染物进入水稻土后发生了显著的老化现象,从而降低了其环境移动性和生物有效性.但不同粒径团聚体中老化程度没有差异,不过对蚯蚓的生物有效性存在差异.因此,并不能根据土壤中有机污染物的含量来预测其环境风险和生物有效性.     

芘在土壤中的长期吸附和解吸行为

研究了芘在6种不同性质土壤中长期吸附解吸及不可逆吸附行为.实验结果表明:长期实验中芘在土壤中的吸附和解吸都存在快过程和慢过程2个阶段.不同吸附平衡时间下,有机质含量高于1%时,不同土壤的吸附平衡常数随有机质含量的增加而增加;有机质含量低于1%时,黏粒含量对土壤的吸附能力有着重要影响;平衡时间由2d增加到180d后,6种土壤的Kd值增加了35.1%～557.9%,其中土壤有机质对Kd值有不同程度的影响,而黏粒对Ka值影响最大,平衡时间对部分土壤Kd值影响不容忽视.长期解吸过程中,6种土壤慢解吸部分占总解吸量的12.05%～41.00%,有机质含量越高,慢解吸对解吸过程的贡献越大.不考虑老化的影响,有机质含量对不可逆吸附容量的贡献明显高于黏粒的贡献,与有机质对慢解吸过程的影响有一致性.