上海市滩涂湿地生态系统健康评价及成因分析

上海沿江沿海地区是我国重要的滩涂湿地分布区，其滩涂湿地生态系统健康对上海乃至长三角地区的生态安全具有重要意义。基于“压力-状态-响应（PSR）”模型，构建了上海市滩涂湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系，采用熵权综合评价法对研究区域生态系统健康状况进行评价，并设定了相应的健康评价分级标准。结果表明：杭州湾北沿边滩、南汇边滩、浦东边滩、宝山边滩、长兴岛周缘边滩、横沙岛周缘边滩、崇明南滩、崇明北滩均处于亚健康状态；崇明西滩处于较健康状态；而崇明东滩和九段沙湿地处于健康状态。过度围垦、环境污染、互花米草（Spartina alterniflora Loisel）〖JP2〗入侵等胁迫因子是上海市滩涂湿地面临的主要压力。在多重胁迫因子作用下，近30 a〖JP〗来上海滩涂湿地面积锐减，生态系统结构改变，生态功能退化。应重点控制滩涂开发强度，减少污染物排放，并加强对上海市滩涂湿地尤其是大陆边滩的保护，以维护湿地生态系统健康，保障区域生态安全     

湿地景观格局演变研究评述

湿地景观格局演变研究是湿地生态学领域研究的热点问题。由于湿地具有独特的生态结构与功能并蕴涵丰富的生物多样性价值，其生态变化备受关注。同时，湿地资源作为一种重要的自然资源为人类的生存与发展提供了物质保证，深入了解湿地演变时空特征及其驱动机制是了解湿地生态演变规律和制定湿地保护对策的基础。通过分析近年来国内外湿地景观格局演变领域的主要研究理论、方法和成果，对包括景观格局指数、景观动态变化模型等湿地景观格局演变特征的研究方法和成果进行了探讨，分析了目前湿地景观格局演变驱动力研究的制约因素，对驱动因子的选取及定量表征驱动力的模型研究等各个方面的优缺点进行了评价，并在此基础上，进一步指出了本领域相关研究的研究趋势和发展方向。     

长江中游湿地系统驱动关系的演变及保护展望

简要介绍了长江中游湿地的概况,分析了湿地演变的现状。在自然和人为因素长期、综合作用下,长江中游湿地发生了显著的不合理演变,主要表现在：湖泊面积减少,湿地功能下降;湿地资源的过度和不合理利用,生物多样性下降;湿地环境污染日益严重;湿地整体价值受损。重点对湿地系统演变过程中的几个关键驱动关系进行了探讨,包括江湖关系、蓄泄关系、湖垸关系和山湖（河）关系等。在此基础上,针对长江中游湿地演变的现状和利用保护过程中存在的问题,从流域综合管理角度出发,对长江中游湿地的保护进行了展望,提出了基于流域管理思想的长江中游湿地保护对策和措施,主要包括：加强流域统一协调管理;遵循流域管理原则,理顺湿地系统的各种关系,做好湿地生态规划;加强流域生态管理模式研究;加强长江中上游流域水土流失的综合治理;加强自然保护区建设和管理,保护湿地生物多样性。     

鄱阳湖生态环境保护与资源利用技术模式研究

鄱阳湖是我国第一大淡水湖泊，也是国际重要湿地，在维系长江水量平衡和生态安全方面，发挥着十分重要的作用和功能。近年来，鄱阳湖生态环境受到经济发展和人口增长的威胁，主要表现为：湿地生态系统退化，湖泊生态功能下降，流域生物多样性减少，水生植被萎缩，水污染程度日趋严重。湖区内产业结构和资源利用的不合理也限制了其经济发展。建设鄱阳湖生态经济区发展战略的确立要求江西尽快探索出一条保护生态与发展经济的双赢之路。结合鄱阳湖区生态环境与资源利用现状，通过2 a多的集成研究与示范，已形成了湿地恢复、沙化综合治理、农业污染治理和资源合理利用等十多种技术模式，在保护环境的同时提高了农民收入，为实现鄱阳湖生态经济区建设目标提供了技术支撑.     

气候变化对白洋淀湿地的影响

生态系统对气候变化的影响和响应的敏感性研究是全球变化研究的一个重要内容。近年来,华北地区气候以暖干为主,这种趋势在一定程度上加剧了华北地区的水危机。特定的水文条件是湿地形成与维持的驱动因子,因此湿地生态系统对气候变化尤为敏感。以华北地区内陆湖泊白洋淀为研究对象,通过分析白洋淀过去40年气候、水文与生态系统发展变化过程及湿地生态与影响因子之间的相关关系,确定湿地退化的主导生态因子,探寻湿地退化的驱动机制。从而得出以下结论：1960年以来,白洋淀湿地水位降低,水量减少,面积萎缩,干淀频繁,生物多样性减少;气候变化在白洋淀湿地退化中起决定作用,其中降水对湿地的影响最大。气候变化主要通过改变湿地的水文特征,减少湿地水源补给,增加水分消耗,使湿地退化萎缩。人为因素在一定程度上加剧了这种趋势。     

基于GIS的金沙江流域（云南段）生态潜力空间分布特征

生态潜力是衡量多种生态因子综合配合效果的指标。金沙江流域（云南段）从上游到下游地貌类型多样，地形、土壤物化特性差异明显，导致流域内各地貌单元的生态潜力值空间分布特征不一样。GIS的强大空间分析功能，为流域内复杂的生态潜力空间分布规律研究提供了快捷的分析工具。利用ArcGIS空间分析软件，在植被分类图的基础上，对金沙江流域（云南段）生态潜力进行三维透视、空间变异规律等研究。并在此基础上，选取土壤因子，分别对流域内不同地貌单元的生态潜力与土壤空间分布相关性进行了对比研究。结果表明，流域的生态潜力总体上往西北方向递增；变异函数分析得出流域内的生态潜力具有各向异性特点，且生态潜力沿流域走向具有很好的空间自相关性；土壤类型在生态潜力的空间分布特征上具有一定的控制作用。研究中所使用的GIS技术与方法，特别是三维透视与变异函数的应用，为其它地区的类似研究提供了参考；另外，计算得出的金沙江流域生态潜力的分布规律，为该区域的生态保护提供了一定的理论依据.     

国内外生态补偿基础理论与研究热点的可视化分析

随着人类面临的生态环境问题加重，生态补偿已成为国内外学者广泛关注的热点问题。为清晰地了解国内外生态补偿的研究现状和未来发展，以Web of Science、中文社会科学引文索引（CSSCI）数据库中1998～2011年有关生态补偿的929篇文献为基础，应用CiteSpace II 软件分析了论文发表数量、文献共被引和关键词共现等特征，并以知识图谱可视化的方式，归纳了近年来生态补偿的重要学术文献和生态补偿领域的研究热点。结果表明：1998~2011年，生态补偿论文数量呈现波动增长趋势；全球气候变化背景下碳汇、REDD生态补偿，生态补偿分区及实施后的评价，湿地、自然保护区、流域尺度生态系统服务功能评估与补偿标准，计算机软件如GIS、SWAT、InVEST等在生态补偿中的应用是当前生态补偿的研究热点。相对于国外而言，国内生态补偿的理论研究较多；但近年来在森林、流域、自然保护区和湿地等方面的实践探索得到了加强     

松涛水库生态清洁流域的建设构想

近年来水源地污染日益严重，已影响到人类的生活、生产用水安全。海南省松涛水库目前也同样面临水源污染、生态环境破坏等一系列问题。且亟待解决。通过分析松涛水库生态环境质量状况。应用生态系统健康理论、复合生态系统理论以及流域生态学等原理。分析了生态清洁流域的概念及其内涵，把生态清洁流域定义为具有相对稳定、物质能量流平衡、功能持续而健康的生态系统，并可向人类提供正常的生态服务和实现特定水源保护功能的流域区域。为了能够持续获得正常的生态服务和实现特定水源保护功能，应当通过生态修复、生态治理和生态保护等方法创建生态清洁流域。生态清洁流域的建设构想是流域水资源保护规划新的思路和理论尝试。依据松涛水库的实地情况。提出相应的措施，有助于松涛水库水资源保护工作的开展，同时也为同类研究提供借鉴的实例。     

黄河三角洲湿地主导生态服务功能价值估算

黄河兰角洲湿地是全球暖温带最典型的河口三角洲湿地,具有多种生态服务功能.本文依据每种生态功能的特点和作用机理,分别运用生态经济学、环境经济学或资源经济学的方法对各主导生态服务功能的价值进行了量化估算.结果表明:在黄河三角洲湿地10项主导生态服务功能中,蓄水调洪和降解污染物的功能价值最大;黄河三角洲湿地单位面积价值大约是全国湿地平均单位面积价值的10倍,其中自然湿地的单位面积价值远高于人工湿地的单位面积价值.本研究结果使人们直观地看到了湿地给人类带来的福利,为湿地生态资源的合理定价、有效补偿提供了科学依据.     

大江大河流域水资源管理问题讨论

世界范围内水危机的日益严重,越来越显现出流域水资源管理的重要性。从分析国内外大江大河水资源研究的热点入手,介绍了国内江河流域水资源管理思路的转变和实践;系统分析了大流域水资源存在问题的根本原因,认为是由于对人水关系和流域生态演化规律,河流、湿地的生态功能、流域的整体性管理重视不够造成的。从河流的生态整体性出发,以生态学为理论基础,提出了考虑社会—经济—环境复合生态系统,以生态和谐行为、协调发展、因地制宜、流域整体性调控体制和生态文化建设等维持大流域水资源可持续利用和保护的生态可持续性的保障措施。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.