2017年广州市道路交通噪声监测与分析

2017年12月期间,选取了广州市主城区98条道路及15栋噪声敏感建筑物,在昼间、夜间道路交通噪声排放峰值期间进行噪声监测实验,综合分析了2017年广州市道路交通噪声污染情况以及噪声频谱特性。道路监测点昼间平均等效声级为72.5 dB,夜间平均等效声级为72.4 dB;噪声敏感建筑物监测点昼间平均等效声级为67.5 dB,夜间平均等效声级为68.0 dB。分析监测实验中的噪声频谱数据,结果显示:各等级道路监测点的频谱能量贡献率曲线在1 000 Hz处达到峰值,用于声屏障设计的等效频率大多数都是800 Hz;噪声敏感建筑物前测点和后测点的等效声级平均相差9 dB,而且前、后测点噪声能量集中于不同的频段,1类、2类噪声敏感建筑物前测点的噪声能量主要集中在高频段,后测点的噪声能量主要集中在低频段,而3类噪声敏感建筑物受道路交通噪声和工业噪声影响,前测点的噪声能量集中频段比后测点的略低。     

船用推进主机的噪声控制

随着推进主机朝着大型、高速的方向发展 ,其振动和噪声污染问题日趋严重。在此以某船用主机为例 ,通过采取隔振、安装消声器、使用隔声罩、机舱内粘贴吸声材料等综合治理技术对其进行了噪声控制 ,使机舱内的噪声能降低36dB(A)以上、甲板上的噪声能降低 14dB(A)以上 ,取得了很好的噪声控制效果。     

石化装置罗茨风机噪声治理研究

选择某石化装置的罗茨风机作为治理对象,利用声级计对其噪声源强度和频谱进行检测。根据噪声源识别分析及现场工艺状况设计双层隔声罩、阻尼降噪模块、空气过滤器消声并进行工程实践。实施后对罗茨风机噪声强度检测结果显示,距离罗茨风机10 cm处的噪声由实施前的103.9～104 dB(A)降低为73.4～75.6 dB(A);进风口空气过滤器10 cm处的噪声由实施前的99.9dB(A)降低为74.1 dB(A),降噪效果明显。     

基于Cadna/A软件的地铁噪声现状及声屏障降噪模拟研究

以某市地铁4号线为例,利用Cadna/A软件预测沿线噪声分布现状,对沿线现有声屏障的降噪效果进行模拟预测,并对重点敏感点提出声屏障增补建议。结果表明:位于4a类区的敏感点昼间超标率为8%,夜间超标率为75%,位于2类区的敏感点昼间超标率为31%,夜间超标率为56%,位于3类区的敏感点昼间超标率为23%,夜间超标率为33%;通过降噪效果模拟,3 m高声屏障降噪量为3.0～11.1 dB(A),覆盖至12层,4 m高声屏障降噪量为3.0～11.4 dB(A),覆盖至12层,5 m高声屏障降噪量为3.0～11.5 dB(A),覆盖至13层,半封闭声屏障降噪量3.1～13.9 dB(A),覆盖至30层,全封闭声屏障降噪量为30 dB(A),覆盖至30层;针对投诉敏感点,通过模拟不同类型声屏障的降噪效果提出声屏障增补建议。     

采煤机截煤噪声的控制

一、引言采煤机在截煤过程中产生很高的噪声级,会对井下采煤机司机及助手造成极大危害。经广泛测定,在不同的位置处其典型的噪声级分别如下:长壁滚筒采煤机司机处为95—105dB(A);连续采煤机司机处为95—101dB(A),螺旋站采煤机司机及助手处为     

某石化厂工作场所噪声危害现状调查分析

目的了解某石化厂噪声危害关键控制点,为企业噪声防护提供依据,减少职业病发生。方法采用现场职业卫生学调查、工作场所噪声检测、作业人员等效连续A声级检测、噪声作业分级相结合的方法进行分析。结果该企业工作场所噪声强度为51.4～100.0dB(A);主要接噪岗位每周40h的等效声级为73.2～90.8dB(A),合格率为54.5%;噪声作业分级为0级、I级,分别占59.1%和40.9%。噪声关键控制点为各种泵类、风机、压缩机、冷却器等设备。结论该企业噪声危害比较严重,需要进一步采取隔声降噪措施。     

地铁停车场上盖物业开发声环境影响评价研究

占地面积大、交通便利的地铁停车场上盖物业开发越来越受到青睐。以南京市江宁大学城停车场上盖物业为例,对受到地铁停车场、高架地铁和公路3方面噪声源影响的上盖物业进行了声环境影响预测分析。得出:该项目受到停车场噪声影响的最大声级达61.9dB(A),受到高架地铁噪声和公路噪声叠加影响的等效声级昼间可达67.7dB(A),夜间可达63.6dB(A)。在确保落实相应防护措施的前提下,地铁停车场上盖物业在声环境上总体上具有可行性。     

锅炉房噪声的产生与治理

本文分析了锅炉房噪声的产生机理 ,针对各类锅炉房的具体情况 ,提出了“分散控制”和“集中控制”的不同治理方案。其中隔声、消声、隔振、吸声等声学措施的综合利用 ,易收到较好的效果 ,可降噪 2 0dB(A)以上     

武汉市公交车内噪声监测与分析

对武汉市区公交车内的噪声进行监测,用等效连续声级、噪声污染综合指数及污染等级等指标对车厢内的噪声进行分析评价,对普通公交车及新型空调公交车内的噪声状况进行对比分析,并对车内的主要噪声源进行监测。结果发现,武汉市区公交车内普遍存在噪声超标的情况;空调公交车中无车载电视的公交车声环境较好。公交车内噪声的等效连续声级均超过75 dB（A）;噪声污染综合指数均超过1.0,属声环境恶化一类;噪声污染级都大于80。呼吁有关部门尽快出台相关的标准来规范公交车内的声环境,给人们的出行提供一个良好的乘车环境。     

杭州高架快速路交通噪声污染调查与防治

对杭州市高架快速路两侧的典型建筑群进行了噪声监测,结果表明第一排／列敏感点噪声等效声级均超出4a类标准,昼间超标0．2—5．6dB,夜间超标8．3～15．9dB;第二排／列的噪声等效声级均超出2类标准,昼间超标0．9-5．7dB,夜间超标2．2～8．3dB。典型建筑群的第一排／列对第二排／列的隔声及距离衰减效果为5．1～14．9dB。对交通噪声的防治,可采取设置合理噪声防护距离、建设低噪声路面、设置隔声屏障、建筑物噪声防护和加强交通噪声管理等措施。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.