农业规划环境影响评价关键技术方法探析

介绍了规划环境影响评价技术方法的来源,依据《规划环境影响评价条例》的要求,提出农业规划环评技术方法的核心内涵;根据规划环境影响评价及农业规划的特点,列出农业规划环评的关键技术方法,并对几种主要方法的适用范围、优缺点进行分析。     

原油中硫化氢含量检测方法探讨

原油中的硫化氢会对后续工序产生影响,文章重点研究原油中硫化氢含量的检测方法。结果表明:气相色谱法检测范围广,误差小;碘量法操作简便,但存在较大误差;碘量法、激光法、分光光度法、离子色谱法在检测原油中硫化氢含量之前,均需要吹脱原油样品;而电化学法、气相色谱法可以直接检测原油样品;对传感器的研究是今后热点,但要克服原油腐蚀性、黏稠的问题;便携式硫化氢检测仪适合一线操作员工使用。     

免疫学分析方法在多氯联苯检测中的应用

本文综述了国内外多氯联苯的一些研究概况和污染现状,并对多氯联苯的色谱学、生物学、免疫学等检测方法进行了比较,重点介绍了当前研究比较多的免疫学检测方法,提出了今后对多氯联苯研究的一些展望.     

土壤中石油烃类物质检测方法综述

石油烃类物质具有高毒性、难降解等特征,土壤中石油烃类物质的高效、准确分析对土壤污染风 险评估和修复工作具有重要意义。文章从原理、优缺点和实际应用情况等方面,对土壤中石油烃类物质的前处理和检测方法进行比对分析,总结发现加速溶剂萃取法/加压流体萃取法是效率高、回收率高的前处理方法;气相色谱分析法较为稳定,准确性和重复性较好,在目前实验室检测石油烃类物质中应用最为广泛。随着信息技术发展和对污染现场快速检测的需要,遥感技术和便携式检测设备逐渐广泛应用。     

微囊藻毒素的检测及危害研究进展

微囊藻毒素是富营养化水体中最常见的藻类毒素,它是一类具有多种异构体的环状多肽物质。其毒性大、分布广,对环境和人类的健康有着重大的威胁,是水环境中的重要潜在危害物质。本文总结了微囊藻毒素的分子结构、理化性质、污染现状以及对其的检测方法,并且提出了展望。     

基于虚拟仪器的多路压力传感器自动检测系统设计

针对现有批量检测方法费时费力、检测结果不一致以及显示不直观等缺点,本文设计了基于虚拟仪器技术的多路压力传感器自动检测系统。利用高精度的数字万用表对压力传感器进行测量,通过自制的多路控制器切换多路通道,并为传感器提供恒流源。采用基于虚拟仪器的LabVIEW软件对仪器进行控制和采集,实现压力传感器的多路检测和校准。本系统具有检测速度快、精度高、人机界面良好等优点。     

几种检测SO_X的气体传感器

硫的氧化物SO_x是有害气体,影响人的健康和农作物生长,腐蚀设备建筑物,形成酸雨等。因此,被列入大气污染要求监测项目之一。目前一般采用分光光度法,仓库法、电导法、容量分析及比浊等方法进行检测。这些方法尚不能满足多方面的要求。随着科学技术的发展,不断地出现了能将化学讯号变为电讯号的各类敏感元件,即化学传感器,其中尤以气体传感器     

微生物传感器的研究现状及在水环境监测中的应用

微生物传感器是一种迅速发展的环境监测手段。文章介绍了微生物传感器的构成及工作原理与研究现状,并对微生物传感器进行了分类。文章还讨论了微生物传感器在水环境监测中的应用,其中包括在BOD检测、有机物检测及生物毒性检测中的应用,并对其在实际监测应用中所遇问题进行了分析。     

土地利用规划环境影响评价的技术方法

评价方法的选择是实现土地利用规划环境影响评价的重点。借鉴项目环评和规划环评的某些方法，根据土地利用规划的层次、类型和阶段的特点，给出一个土地利用规划环评的方法集，并对几种主要方法的适用范围、优缺点进行分析，最后指出方法选择应注意的事项。     

小型风速发生装置在风速现场校准量值溯源中的应用与研究

国内各大型家电企业积极推动空调行业向绿色低碳持续转型,为了适应人们在日常生活中,对房间空调器合理的通风,适当的风速和空气的均匀分布,是取得既定的空气品质和舒适性的关键所在。风速参量可测,成为一个重要的指引性指标。基于本文对适用于空调器的性能和工作原理的分析,提出针对现场校准热式风速传感器的校准方法研究,以确保空调器检测线能满足日常检测使用要求。     

Layer—By—Layer技术构建化学传感器酶电极检测水体中有机磷的研究

基于层层累积自组装法将胆碱氧化酶和胆碱酯酶逐层固定在电极表面，制备了电流型水质有机磷检测化学传感器。讨论了自组装膜层数、pH值、温度对传感器电流响应的影响。制备的化学传感器对有机磷在浓度10^-9～10^-5mol／L呈良好的线性响应，检出限为1×10^-10mol／L。传感器的稳定性好，30天时的响应值仍保持90％。     

Real-time contaminant detection and classification in a drinking water pipe using conventional water quality sensors: Techniques and experimental results

Accurate detection and identification of natural or intentional contamination events in a drinking water pipe is critical to drinking water supply security and health risk management. To use conventional water quality sensors for the purpose, we have explored a real-time event adaptive detection, identification and warning (READiw) methodology and examined it using pilot-scale pipe flow experiments of 11 chemical and biological contaminants each at three concentration levels. The tested contaminants include pesticide and herbicides (aldicarb, glyphosate and dicamba), alkaloids (nicotine and colchicine), E. coli in terrific broth, biological growth media (nutrient broth, terrific broth, tryptic soy broth), and inorganic chemical compounds (mercuric chloride and potassium ferricyanide). First, through adaptive transformation of the sensor outputs, contaminant signals were enhanced and background noise was reduced in time-series plots leading to detection and identification of all simulated contamination events. The improved sensor detection threshold was 0.1% of the background for pH and oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), 0.9% for free chlorine, 1.6% for total chlorine, and 0.9% for chloride. Second, the relative changes calculated from adaptively transformed residual chlorine measurements were quantitatively related to contaminant-chlorine reactivity in drinking water. We have shown that based on these kinetic and chemical differences, the tested contaminants were distinguishable in forensic discrimination diagrams made of adaptively transformed sensor measurements.     

CHEMICAL MEASUREMENT OF MEAN TEMPERATURE

Mean temperature is employed universally as an index to the energy status of the environment, and to indicate probable reaction rates of physical and biological processes in nature. A versatile chemical method of temperature integration, based on the temperature dependence of sucrose hydrolysis, has been tested in central Pennsylvania. The chemical technique (after Pallmann) permits economical mass sampling of air, water, and soil temperatures in situations where conventional methods are too expensive or otherwise unsatisfactory. Short-wave radiation effects are negligible since the sensing elements are transparent. Repeatability is excellent: in field tests duplicate sensors yield the same mean temperature ± 0.02°C. Non-linearity of sensor response has been resolved, and the data can be related directly to measurements obtained in standard climatological networks. The technique can be used to good advantage in a variety of hydrological investigations, including evaporation, consumptive-use, and them pollution studies.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定环境水样中总磷的干扰及消除

溶液稀释法是一种简单有效的消除非光谱干扰的方法,背景扣除法、干扰系数法是消除光谱干扰的简单常用方法;应用于实际水样分析,效果较好。电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)对水样中总磷的测定尚没有国家标准方法,本文对ICP-OES法测定磷的干扰及校正情况给以浅析,更适于环境水样的快速、批量分析。方法检出限、测定下限能满足环境水样的分析要求。     

油气田开发中硫化氢产生机理和防治研究

文章概括总结了油气田开发生产中硫化氢的产生机理,论述了防治硫化氢的化学法、生物法和物理法,指出了油气田开发中硫化氢防治工作目前所存在的问题及今后的发展方向。提出加强现有各种方法的综合运用、开发新的防治方法,以及硫化氢防治措施的成套化、规范化、安全化是今后硫化氢防治工作的重要发展方向。     

Reuse of wastewater for industrial needs: the Pontedera case

This paper presents result from an economic and technical point of view evaluation study, which has sought to establish the potential for replacing well-water that is currently used at the Piaggio industrial plant in Pontedera with recycled wastewater. The study is based upon a pilot wastewater treatment plant, which has been used to test wastewater treatment processes and to compare with achieved quality of recycled waters with that of water drawn on-site from physical/chemical pre-treatment and end with a reverse osmosis and air stripping stage. However, after the physical/chemical pre-treatment, the first option uses oxidation with ozone followed by activated carbon filtration, whereas the second method uses ultrafiltration. The first method is more effective at reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD) whereas the second method is more effective in removing bacteria. Nonetheless, both methods deliver water for re-use of a quality comparable with or better than that of well-water. In principle, the reverse osmosis permeate from either process could be re-used in all production phases at the industrial plant. However, the method base upon oxidation with ozone followed by activated carbon filtration is preferred, because, the process is simpler and continuous. The economic analysis of this process gives an estimated cost of Euro 0.55 per m³ for treated water. This compares favorably with other treatment processes and with the cost of other forms of water supply, which are projected to increase in any case.     

基于薄弱环节的发动机加速贮存试验研究

对基于薄弱环节的发动机加速贮存试验的理论依据和发动机加速贮存试验的基本流程进行了介绍,在对发动机薄弱环节的确定方法和薄弱环节失效机理分析的基础上,提出了材料、部组件和整机层层递进的加速贮存试验方案和基于物理老化、化学老化和使用载荷验证的发动机加速贮存试验一体化设计方法.     

国外快速测定化学消油剂消油效果的几种方法

化学消油剂消油效果的现场评定方法必须满足适合现场操作、材料价廉易得、结果可靠准确等条件。对国外现有的现场快速测定消油剂效果的5种方法进行比较,结果表明,英国的佩内特鉴别法、挪威的菲勒溢出油检测装置和加拿大的梅蒂现场测定法存在一定的缺陷,不推荐使用。美国环保局的现场测定法(EPA FDET)简单、快速、准确。加拿大渥太华一家环境研究机构研制出的现场试验法比EPA FDET法耗时多,但原材料价格低廉,操作简单,结果可靠,值得推广应用。     

油田化工污水中总氰化物的检测

采用在线蒸馏-流动注射分析法检测大庆油田化工污水中总氰化物。分析流速和温度对流动注射仪检测结果的影响,得出结论:载流流速为1.8mL/min,显色剂流速在1.3mL/min,缓冲溶液流速稳定在1.6mL/min时,分析精度最好;显色反应在60℃以下进行时,可以消除温度差异对检测结果的干扰。该方法适用于油田化工废水中总氰化物的检测。     

含油及碳氢化合物污泥处理方法

对固体废物有毒有害物质进行处理或处置的方法有掩埋法、焚烧法及高温热解、溶剂洗涤等方法。文中介绍了一种化学处理方法,在脱水、固化、稳定、中和、钝化的系统处理过程中,同时交叉进行物理、化学和热分解反应。利用这种方法处理含油及碳氢化合物污泥,能降低碳氢化合物废物中有毒有害成分的含量,使其毒性、危险性得到有效控制。该方法主要应用于石油化工、油田开发工业、煤加工工业、冶金工业等领域。