农作物对微囊藻毒素耐受性差异的研究进展

微囊藻毒素进入农田后会对农产品安全产生潜在的危胁,并可能通过食物链危害人类健康。已有的众多研究结果表明,不同农作物对微囊藻毒素的耐受性存在较大差异,而这一差异为农业生产上合理规避微囊藻毒素污染风险提供了一种可能。本文就农作物对微囊藻毒素耐受性差异这一问题进行了综述,并在此基础上提出了今后的研究方向。     

饮用水源区水中微囊藻毒素—LR检测——以四川省成都市百工堰水库为例

应用高效液相色谱法对四川省成都市饮用水源区--百工堰水库水样中的微囊藻毒素-LR进行检测.结果表明,水样中微囊藻毒素-LR的含量低于国家生活饮用水卫生标准(GB5749-2006)规定值.同时,对饮用水源水样水质的主要指标进行了测定,并探讨了微囊藻毒素-LR检测结果与水质监测结果的相关性.     

4种化感物质对铜绿微囊藻生长及叶绿素荧光参数影响的比较

为探究青蒿素、壬酸、没食子酸和邻苯二酚4种化学物质对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa,FACHB-937)的胁迫效应,分析了同一质量浓度下4种化感物质对藻细胞生长、叶绿素a含量和叶绿素荧光参数的差异性。结果表明:整个实验周期内,邻苯二酚处理组的铜绿微囊藻生长被显著抑制,叶绿素a含量减少了2.25%～89.7%;邻苯二酚、青蒿素和壬酸都通过降低铜绿微囊藻的叶绿素a含量、光合速率、对强光的耐受能力从而抑制其生长;没食子酸增强了铜绿微囊藻的潜在光合作用能力,但抑制了其细胞内叶绿素a的合成。     

饮用水中藻毒素检测技术研究进展

随着水体富营养化问题日益严重，藻毒素问题成为最近研究的热点，因此迫切需要一种先进、可靠和高效的藻毒素检测技术。本文综述了目前饮用水中关于微囊藻毒素的检测技术，包括动物试验法、细胞毒性检测技术、高效液相色谱技术、毛细管电泳、MMPB法、酶联免疫吸附测定、免疫层析法及蛋白磷酸酶抑制分析法等，并对未来藻毒素检测技术的发展提出了展望。     

利用天然抗植物毒素抑制野草生长的新设想

据联邦德国杂志《斯卡拉》报道,太平洋沿岸45国国际化学会议不久前在火奴鲁土召开。会上提出了利用天然抗植物毒素来抑制野草生长的设想。科学家们发现许多植物从根部排出毒素,破坏附近植物的生长。以偃草为例,其根部分泌的物质使附近的大豆、苜蓿根部无法长出固氮细菌,即使用除草剂除去偃麦草,其毒素仍可在土壤中残留一年。许多植物的种籽在吸收水份准备发芽时,即将毒素散入土壤,以阻碍其它种籽在其“势力范围”内发芽。但有些多年生植物在土壤中残留了许多毒素,最终将危及自身,咖啡、柑桔、葡萄等都是这样;如咖啡生长10—25年后就不再高产了, 根据以上原理,如果在作物播种之前先种植能产生抗野草毒素植物,就可少用除草剂,以保持生态平衡。     

粉末活性炭在饮用水处理中应用的研究进展

介绍了粉末活性炭（PAC）的基本性质，并对其在饮用水处理应用中的重要影响因素进行了探讨；综述了PAC去除原水中嗅味物质、藻毒素、消毒副产物前驱物以及农药等痕量有机污染物的研究现状；分析了粉末活性炭（PAC）与其他工艺的组合技术在饮用水处理中的应用效果，并对其应用前景做出展望。     

一种新型缓释微粒的抑藻机制研究

以化感物质为活性成分,通过微胶囊技术制备抑藻剂,已经成为一种具有潜力的生态友好型的蓝藻治理手段。本实验研究亚油酸缓释微粒对于不同生长阶段铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用,并探究其抑藻机理。研究结果表明,缓释抑藻剂对于不同生长阶段的铜绿微囊藻均有较好的抑制效果,其中对数期的铜绿微囊藻抑制率高达96%。抑藻组藻细胞内叶绿素a含量在实验中期几近于0,藻体中氧自由基(O~(2-))和丙二醛(MDA)含量及藻液中蛋白质、核酸含量、电导率逐渐升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均呈现先升高后急剧下降的变化趋势。结果表明在抑藻过程中亚油酸缓释抑藻剂破坏了藻细胞内的叶绿素a,细胞膜脂质过氧化加剧,抗氧化酶失活,从而对藻细胞膜造成不可逆转的损伤,影响藻细胞的正常生长。     

食物中毒概述

1—1食物中毒的定义所谓食物中毒(food poisoning),这是一个总称,其意是指因食用含有害微生物或其他有害物质的食品而引起的各种疾病。这种中毒的起因,与其说是食物本身倒不如说是附着于食物的微生物或微生物产生的毒素,或从食物外部混入的毒物,或食物本来构成成分所含有的有害物质更恰当。我们把这些物质叫做病因物质,而把含有这些物质     

保护地球就是保护人类自己

地球是人类的摇篮,是我们生息繁衍和发展的地方。它美丽富饶,为人类的文明和进步提供了丰富的资源,保护地球是人类应尽的义务。人类在生活和生产活动中,一方面从自然界获得需要的物质和能量,另一方面又把废弃物投向大自然,导致环境质量下降、恶化,形成环境污染。环境污染可分为三大类:一是物理性污染,主要有噪声、电磁波、放射性物质等;二是生物性污染,主要包括细菌、病毒、寄生虫等;三是化学性污染,主要包括无机污染、有机污染和生物毒素等。     

赤潮生物中的新毒素

日东各地不断发生赤潮,使鱼类受害。鱼类的死亡是由于赤潮生物中的双鞭毛藻类所制造出的毒素。在这类毒素中,水溶性的蛤蚌毒素类和鞭毛毒素类已为人们所知。最近又发现了与它们的结构完全不同的脂溶性毒素短杆菌A、B、C。其中,短杆菌B的结构已经确定。是11个醚环交替并列为反式。短杆菌C的结构也基本确定,与B相似,特点是含氯。     

The ethics of Google Earth: crossing thresholds from spatial data to landscape visualisation

‘Virtual globe’ software systems such as Google Earth are growing rapidly in popularity as a way to visualise and share 3D environmental data. Scientists and environmental professionals, many of whom are new to 3D modeling and visual communications, are beginning routinely to use such techniques in their work. While the appeal of these techniques is evident, with unprecedented opportunities for public access to data and collaborative engagement over the web, are there nonetheless risks in their widespread usage when applied in areas of the public interest such as planning and policy-making?     

Risk management is part of good management

As the use of hazard and risk assessments becomes more commonplace, the need for and importance of an overall risk management system become apparent. Such a system allows companies to prioritize both their efforts to identify and understand risks and their allocation of resources to manage and control risks. In the future, the most effective risk management systems will be integrated into other business processes and management systems, to ensure that their value as well as their costs are recognized and measured by line operations. For example, chemical and petrochemical companies such as BP Exploration, Monsanto, and Union Carbide are improving on well-established risk management systems by increasing their businesses' involvement in and ownership of the process. This article summarizes the key elements of a risk management system and uses the lessons learned by various companies to define best existing and emerging practices.     

Backgrounds of students of behavior in relation to their attitude toward animal well-being

Knowledge of the backgrounds of students of behaviour working in the field of applied animal behavior science may help us to recognize their influence on conclusions reached in a particular study and on more general points of view. This recognition may result in a speed up of the progress in this science, to the benefit of science and animals. Some types are: (1) Eco-ethologists (ethologists of the hunters-type). They like to stalk healthy wild animals in their natural environment. They are less interested in the abnormal behavior of domestic animals under husbandry circumstances. (2) Behaviorists. These are psychologists that still think in a man-animal dichotomy. They are not interested in animals for their own sake but as models for human behavior. (3) Behavior physiologists. These biologists are not primarily interested in behavior. Because of the type of experiments they perform they have an aversity against animal protectionists. (4) Ethologists of the farmers type. These ethologists want to posses animals, collect animal species, take care of them and breed them. They are able to speak on approximately the same wavelength as farmers as well as animal protectionists. (5) Zootechnicians of the farmers type. These scientists want to make a living out of animals and like to take care for them. They are also able to speak at approximately the same wavelength as farmers and animal protectionists.     

Farmers' Motivations for Adopting Conservation Practices along Riparian Zones in a Mid-western Agricultural Watershed

In the agricultural Mid-west, riparian corridors are vital for protecting biodiversity and water quality. The cumulative management decisions of hundreds of private landowners have a tremendous impact on this riparian zone. This study of 268 farmers in a typical Mid-western watershed in Michigan looked at farmer's motivations for adopting conservation practices, their current management practices along their rivers and drains as well as their future management plans. The results of the study showed that farmers are intrinsically motivated to practise conservation by such factors as their attachment to their land, rather than by motivations such as receiving economic compensation. Farmers are also likely to engage in conservation practices that make their farm appear well-managed. Furthermore, those farmers with strong intrinsic motivations were likely to adopt conservation practices that protect streams, such as maintaining a woody vegetative buffer or practicing no-till farming. This study shows that protecting riparian resources in agricultural watersheds requires strategies for conservation that respect farmers' attachment to their land and their desire to practise good stewardship.     

Company Engagement in Community‐Based Water Resource Projects: Improving Water Security

Companies have been increasing their focus on issues related to water availability and, more broadly, to water security. After focusing on reducing water use and/or increasing water efficiency in their operations, and then looking more broadly to understand their exposure to water‐related business risks, companies are beginning to look to their suppliers and their customers, as well as their local communities, to identify opportunities to create shared value. This article provides summaries of how several companies are engaging in community‐based water resource projects beyond their fence lines.     

Identifying the motivations of environmental volunteers

The natural environment benefits greatly from the work of volunteers. However, little is known as to why people are willing to volunteer their time to such programs. The study participants were 401 volunteers from six natural resource organizations. The study identified and assessed motivations of volunteers within the conservation and natural resources arena. The results suggest that there are many volunteer motivations, although ‘helping the environment’ clearly emerged as most important. Second-tier motivations included ‘improving areas that volunteers use for their own recreation’, ‘expressing their values’, ‘learning about the natural environment’ and ‘socializing with people with similar interests’. Managers need to consider these motivations, developing programs in order to provide volunteers with an experience that meets their motivations. By developing programs with volunteer motivations in mind, managers will better be able to recruit and retain volunteers within their organizations.     

含氟有机化合物的生态迁移及转化

含氟有机化合物的众多特性使得其在各方面得到越来越广泛的应用,同时也成为了一种较普遍的环境污染物。本文列举了含氟有机化合物的应用类型及相应的应用特点;指明其污染途径和毒性特征;从含氟有机物的分子结构特征、降解茵的类型、外部因素三方面阐明了其生物降解特性;总结了酶作用于碳氟键使得含氟有机物发生降解的四种作用;并介绍了含氟有机污染物的生物处理和生态修复的一般方法。     

Chemical Characterization of Soil Used as a Deposit for Waste Originating From the Manufacturing of Products Based on Fiberglass

Companies need to follow environmental laws as they affect their manufacturing systems, waste handling, and the management of soil on their properties to ensure that their properties are either improved or altered as little as possible. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) to determine the concentrations of elements present in the soil at a manufacturer of products based on fiberglass where wastes from production activities have been deposited on the property.     

Knowledge,experience and the circus: academic perspectives on the processes of communicating the environmental and health impacts of electric vehicles

The translation of research findings into public realms has important implications for alternative technologies, such as electric vehicles (EVs). Much existing science communication research focuses on the agency of different publics in processes of scientific knowledge uptake. This study uses research related to the environmental and health impacts of EVs as a case study to explore how the individual agency of academic researchers can influence communication. Challenges to communication and opportunities to enhance the agency of researchers to engage in public dialogue are identified, with a focus on academics at different stages of their careers. This paper proposes a new way of understanding how these individualised nuances impact the communication of a particular researcher’s findings. These nuances are built through the researcher’s agency; a construct of their past experiences, professional and personal relationships with other actors and previous practices of communicating to publics. Communication models have previously concentrated on the heterogeneity of other actors and publics with the huge assumption that academics work consistently, homogenously, in a neutral way to the benefit of society. EVs were chosen as an appropriate case study as they are a contemporary technology that relies on the communication of knowledge and the public understanding of this knowledge to cater for future needs. The responses elicited from the interviews highlight the individual geographies of knowledge. Hence, a reflexive understanding of their role as an individual can provide valuable insights into how a researcher may distribute knowledges more effectively in their geographies to publics     

Participatory Model Calibration for Improving Resource Management Systems: Case Study of Rainwater Harvesting in an Indian Village

While planning resource management systems in rural areas, it is important to consider criteria that are specific to the local social conditions. Such criteria might change from one region to another and are hence best identified using a participatory approach. In this work, we propose a participatory framework to identify such criteria and derive their weights. These identified criteria and their weights are used as parameters to develop a quantitative model for evaluating efficiency of each system. Such a model can serve as a support tool for stakeholders to simulate and analyze “what‐if” scenarios, evaluate alternatives, and select one which best satisfies their requirements. We use existing systems to test the model by comparing efficiencies evaluated by the model to efficiencies perceived by the stakeholders. The model is calibrated by repeating the process until statistically significant correlation is achieved between evaluated and perceived efficiencies. The novelty of the proposed framework lies in treating efficiencies perceived by the stakeholders as the ground truth since they know these systems well and are their ultimate users. The framework is successfully demonstrated using case study of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in an Indian village. The resulting calibrated model can be used to plan new RWH systems in this region and similar regions elsewhere. The framework can be used to plan other resource management systems in various regions.