Effect of Pre-ozonation on Optimized Coagulation of a Typical North-China Source Water

Although ozone is widely used as a pre-oxidant before coagulation in water treatment, the effect of pre-ozonation on optimized coagulation for removal of particle and natural organic matter (NOM) is still not fully understood. In this paper, pilot-scale investigation was conducted to examine the impact of pre-ozonation on coagulation for particle and NOM removal. Changes in the particle and NOM distributions were characterized by various methods, including laser light granularity system, particle counter, ultrafiltration, and resin absorbent fractionation. A novel composite flocculant–HPAC was compared with the traditional ferric chloride coagulant in terms of coagulation efficiency under the influence of pre-ozonation. Typical micro-polluted North China surface water was used for pilot coagulation tests. The results show that the effect of pre-ozonation on coagulation is associated with the dosage of ozone, coagulant type, and water contamination characteristics. For FeCl₃, pre-ozonation acts as a coagulation aid at low dosage (1.0 mg L⁻¹ O₃) for turbidity and UV₂₅₄ removal; while at higher dosage (2.0 mg L⁻¹ O₃), pre-ozonation is detrimental to UV₂₅₄ removal although it is still beneficial for turbidity removal. In the case of composite flocculant–HPAC, pre-ozonation demonstrates negligible influence on both turbidity and UV₂₅₄ removal. Ozone can simultaneously aggregate fine particles and break down large ones, making them more mineralized and easier to remove. NOM with intermediate molecular weight and hydrophobic neutral property increases at lower ozone dosage, favoring removal by coagulation. At higher ozone dosages, NOM becomes more hydrophilic and its molecular weight becomes smaller, decreasing NOM removal.     

优化混凝处理低温低浊黄河水及对余铝的控制

考察了4种混凝剂，高效聚合氯化铝（HPAC），聚合氯化铝（PACl），硫酸铝（Al2（SO4）3），混合PACl和氯化铁（FeCl3），对低温低浊黄河原水的混凝效果与沉后水残留铝含量的关系。结果表明，当采用Al2（SO4）3或PACl做混凝剂时，在取得较好浊度去除的投药量下，水中余铝浓度会超过国家标准（0．2131g／L）。而采用HPAC或FeCl3和PACl复配药剂，在取得与Al2（SO4）3或PACl类似的浊度去除效果的同时，也能较好地控制水中的余铝含量。当HPAC投加量为21mg／L时，沉后水浊度降至1．3NTU，残留铝含量为0．147mg／L。复配投加PACl 15mg／L和FeCl3 12mg／L后，沉后水浊度为1．18NTU，残留铝含量为0．074mg／L。PACl和氯化铁的复配比例需要精确的调控，否则容易导致出水余铁余铝含量增加。而HPAC投加量小于21mtg／L时出水余铝浓度均低于国家标准。因此，在这4种混凝剂中，就混凝效果及余铝控制而言，HPAC更适合充当低温低浊水源水的混凝处理药剂。     

Enhanced coagulation with polyaluminum chlorides: role of pH/alkalinity and speciation

Enhanced coagulation is considered to be among the best available techniques (BAT) for disinfection by-product (DBP) precursor removal in water treatment. Improving existing understanding requires further consideration of nuances of chemical speciation relative to source water chemistry. In this paper, the effect of alkalinity/pH and speciation on inorganic polymer flocculants, polyaluminum chlorides (PACls) for enhanced particle and natural organic matter (NOM) removal was investigated. Three kinds of well-characterized typical source waters in China with low, moderate, and high alkalinity were selected. Performance of coagulants is controlled not only by preformed species but also by those formed in situ. At neutral and basic pH values, PACls with higher basicity (ratio of OH(-)/Al), which have more stable preformed Alb (the rapid reacted species as in ferron assay), are more efficient for turbidity and NOM removal. At slightly acidic pH, PACls with lower basicity are more efficient since more Alb can be formed in situ. Optimal NOM removal was achieved at pH 5.5-6.5 for all PACls. Basicity, speciation, and dosage of coagulant should be optimized based on raw water alkalinity to enhance the removal efficiency of NOM.     

Removal of humic acid using TiO2 photocatalytic process--fractionation and molecular weight characterisation studies

The photocatalytic removal of humic acid (HA) using TiO₂ under UVA irradiation was examined by monitoring changes in the UV₂₅₄ absorbance, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, apparent molecular weight distribution, and trihalomethane formation potentials (THMFPs) over treatment time. A resin fractionation technique in which the samples were fractionated into four components: very hydrophobic acids (VHA), slightly hydrophobic acids, hydrophilic charged (CHA) and hydrophilic neutral (NEU) was also employed to elucidate the changes in the chemical nature of the HA components during treatment. The UVA/TiO₂ process was found to be effective in removing more than 80% DOC and 90% UV₂₅₄ absorbance. The THMFPs of samples were decreased to below 20 μg l⁻¹ after treatments, which demonstrate the potential to meet increasingly stringent regulatory level of trihalomethanes in water. Resin fractionation analysis showed that the VHA fraction was decreased considerably as a result of photocatalytic treatments, forming CHA intermediates which were further degraded with increased irradiation time. The NEU fraction, which comprised of non-UV-absorbing low molecular weight compounds, was found to be the most persistent component.     

高效聚合氯化铝对超滤膜污染影响的中试研究

针对某水厂以超滤为核心的短流程水处理工艺,在通过聚氯乙烯(PVC)超滤膜之前选择不同投加量(5、10、15和20 mg/L)的高效聚合氯化铝(HPAC)对长江下游原水进行混凝处理。通过跨膜压差(TMP)增长趋势、CODMn的去除率以及混凝后的水质,可知HPAC的最优投加量为15 mg/L。在此投加量下,运用体积排阻色谱法分析原水、膜前水、膜后水中各相对分子质量有机物的变化,可以发现混凝去除有机物的效果要优于超滤截留的。继而将HPAC与另外4种常用混凝剂:硫酸铝(分析纯)、氯化铁(化学纯)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁进行对比,结果表明,在它们各自最优投加量下,HPAC能够更有效地减缓超滤膜TMP的增长率,从而降低膜污染。因此,认为HPAC是与PVC超滤合金膜契合效果最佳的混凝剂。     

Oxidative treatment of simulated dyehouse effluent by uv and near-UV light assisted Fenton's reagent

UV/Fenton, near-UV-visible/Fenton, dark Fenton, and H₂O₂/UV reactions have been used to treat simulated dyehouse effluents representing wastewater from the textile dyeing and rinsing process. Experiments were carried out in a lab - scale photochemical reactor using concentrations of 0.5–25 mM H₂O₂, 0.04-0.5 mM Fe²⁺-ion and different dilutions of textile wastewater. To assess the extent of mineralization, decolourization kinetics and the effect of different fight sources on treatment efficiency, DOC, optical density at 254 nm and 600 nm wavelength and residual H₂O₂ concentrations were measured during the course of the advanced oxidation reactions. Comparative evaluation of the obtained results revealed that the decolourization rate increased with applied H₂O₂ and Fe²⁺-ion dose as well as the strength of the synthetic textile wastewater. The best results were obtained by the near - UV/visible/Fenton process with a decolourization rate constant of 1.57 min⁻¹, a UV_254nm reduction of 97% and a DOC removal of 41% at relatively low doses of the H₂O₂ oxidant and Fe²⁺-ion catalyst within 60 min treatment time.     

Effect of copper(II) on natural organic matter removal during drinking water coagulation using aluminum-based coagulants.

Coagulation has been proposed as a best available technology for controlling natural organic matter (NOM) during drinking water treatment. The presence of heavy metals such as copper(II) in source water, which may form copper-NOM complexes and/or interact with a coagulant, may pose a potential challenge on the coagulation of NOM. In this work, the effect of copper(II) on NOM removal by coagulation using alum or PAX-18 (a commercial polymerized aluminum chloride from Kemiron Inc., Bartow, Florida) was examined. The results show that the presence of 1 to 10 mg/L of copper(H) in the simulated waters improved the total organic carbon (TOC) removal by up to 25% for alum coagulation and by up to 22% for PAX-18 coagulation. The increased NOM removal with the presence of copper(II) in the waters can most likely be ascribed to the formation copper-NOM complexes that may be more adsorbable on aluminum precipitates and to the formation of copper(II) co-precipitates that may also adsorb NOM. The presence of 1 to 5 mg/L of copper(I) in the waters containing 3 mg/L NOM as carbon was reduced below the maximum contaminant level goal (1.3 mg/L as copper) using either coagulant. The results suggest that the presence of copper(H) in source water may not adversely affect the NOM removal by coagulation. A good linear correlation was observed between the TOC removal efficiency and the log-total moles of the precipitated metals, which include the metal ion from a coagulant and the divalent metal ion(s) in source water.     

UV-H2O2 based AOP and its integration with biological activated carbon treatment for DBP reduction in drinking water

The presence of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in drinking water is of great concern due to their adverse effects on human health. Emerging regulation limiting the concentration of DBPs in drinking water has increased demands for technologies and processes which reduce the formation of DBPs in drinking water. In this study, UV-H₂O₂ based advance oxidation process (AOP) was used to treat raw surface water. Experiments were conducted using low pressure mercury vapor UV lamps in collimated beam and flow-through annular photoreactors. The effect of UV fluence (0–3500 mJ cm⁻²) and hydrogen peroxide concentration (0–23 mg l⁻¹) in reducing the concentration of THMs and HAAs was examined. The UV-H₂O₂ AOP was then coupled with a downstream biological activated carbon (BAC) treatment to assess the synergetic benefits of combining the two treatments. It was observed that UV-H₂O₂ AOP was only effective at reducing DBPs at UV fluences of more than 1000 mJ cm⁻²and initial H₂O₂ concentrations of about or greater than 23 mg l⁻¹. However, the combined AOP–BAC treatment showed significant reductions of 43%, 52%, and 59% relative to untreated raw water for DBPs, TOC, and UV₂₅₄, respectively.     

Baseline study of methane emission from open digesting tanks of palm oil mill effluent treatment

Anthropogenic release of greenhouse gases, especially CO₂ and CH₄ has been recognized as one of the main causes of global warming. Several measures under the Kyoto Protocol 1997 have been drawn up to reduce the greenhouse gases emission. One of the measures is Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) that was created to enable developed countries to cooperate with developing countries in emission reduction activities. In Malaysia, palm oil industry particularly from palm oil mill effluent (POME) anaerobic treatment has been identified as an important source of CH₄. However, there is no study to quantify the actual CH₄ emission from the commercial scale wastewater treatment facility. Hence, this paper shall address the CH₄ emission from the open digesting tanks in Felda Serting Hilir Palm Oil Mill. CH₄ emission pattern was recorded for 52 weeks from 3600 m³ open digesting tanks. The findings indicated that the CH₄ content was between 13.5% and 49.0% which was lower than the value of 65% reported earlier. The biogas flow rate ranged between 0.8 l min⁻¹ m⁻² and 9.8 l min⁻¹ m⁻². Total CH₄ emission per open digesting tank was 518.9 kg day⁻¹. Relationships between CH₄ emission and total carbon removal and POME discharged were also discussed. Fluctuation of biogas production was observed throughout the studies as a result of seasonal oil palm cropping, mill activities, variation of POME quality and quantity discharged from the mill. Thus only through long-term field measurement CH₄ emission can be accurately estimated.     

陶瓷印花废水处理的混凝剂及工艺条件

采用混凝剂聚合氯化铝（PAC）、聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）、聚合硫酸铁（PFS）对陶瓷印花废水进行混凝沉降处理，监测水样的吸光度、浊度、悬浮物，以脱色率、浊度去除率、悬浮物去除率评价混凝处理的效果。结果表明：PAC是陶瓷印花废水沉降处理的理想混凝剂；水样的吸光度、浊度、悬浮物随混凝剂用量增大和沉降时间延长而呈降低趋势，而脱色率、浊度去除率、悬浮物去除率随混凝剂和沉降时间的增大呈增大的趋势；PAC投加量为20mg／L，沉降时间约为24h，水样脱色率达到90．0％，而当PAC投加量达到100mg／L，沉降时间约为4h，陶瓷印花水的脱色率可达到96．0％。证明了药剂用量的增加与沉降时间的延长对混凝过程具有增效作用。     

氢氧化镁混凝过程絮体形成研究

以不同浊度高岭土水样为研究对象,运用激光光散射法对氢氧化镁混凝剂絮体开始形成时间和氯化镁最小投加量进行测定,探讨了氯化镁投加量对沉后出水浊度和Zeta电位的影响.结果表明:(1)氢氧化镁混凝剂絮体开始形成时间随着氯化镁投加量的增大而缩短;pH增大及浊度增大时,絮体开始形成时间总体缩短,pH=11.5、氯化镁投加量为25...     

Modelling the environmental degradation of water contaminants. Kinetics and mechanism of the riboflavin-sensitised-photooxidation of phenolic compounds

The aerobic visible-light-photosensitised irradiation of methanolic solutions of either of the phenolic-type contaminants model compounds (ArOH) p-phenylphenol (PP), p-nitrophenol (NP) and phenol (Ph), and for two additional phenolic derivatives, namely p-chlorophenol (ClP) and p-methoxyphenol (MeOP), used in some experiments, was carried out. Employing the natural pigment riboflavin (Rf) as a sensitiser, the degradation of both the ArOH and the very sensitiser was observed. A complex mechanism, common for all the ArOH studied, operates. It involves superoxide radical anion (O₂^√−) and singlet molecular oxygen (O₂(¹Δ_g)) reactions. Maintaining Rf in sensitising concentrations levels (≈0.02 mM), the mechanism is highly dependent on the concentration of the ArOH. Kinetic experiments of oxygen and substrate consumption, static fluorescence, laser flash photolysis and time-resolved phosophorescence detection of O₂(¹Δ_g) demonstrate that at ArOH concentrations in the order of 10 mM, no chemical transformation occurs due to the complete quenching of Rf singlet excited state. When ArOH is present in concentrations in the order of mM or lower, O₂^√− is generated from the corresponding Rf radical anion, which is produced by electron transfer reaction from the ArOH to triplet excited Rf. The determined reaction rate constants for this step show a fairly good correlation with the electron-donor capabilities for Ph, PP, NP, ClP and MeOP. In this context, the main oxidative species is O₂^√−, since O₂(¹Δ_g) is quenched in an exclusive physical fashion by the ArOH. The production of O₂^√− regenerates Rf impeding the total degradation of the sensitiser. This kinetic scheme could partially model the fate of ArOH in aquatic media containing natural photosensitisers, under environmental conditions.     

Evaluation of Al30 polynuclear species in polyaluminum solutions as coagulant for water treatment

Polyaluminum coagulant with a content of 76.8% of Al30 (PACAl30) was prepared. Its coagulation behaviors were compared with high Al13 content polyaluminum coagulant (PACAl13) and AlCl3. The species stability was studied using Al-Ferron method and 27Al NMR. The coagulation performances were investigated by studying the rate of flocs development, the turbidity removal efficiency and charge neutralization capacity under fixed pH conditions and uncontrolled pH conditions. The effect of pH on coagulation was also studied. The results show that PACAl30 are stable for using as coagulant. PACAl30 causes less pH depression than PACAl13. The charge neutralization capacity of PACAl30 is slightly lower than that of PACAl13 at pH6.8 and higher at pH 6.5. PACAl30 achieves the most effective turbidity removal in these three coagulants. And it acts effectively within a much broader dosage range and a wider pH range when compared with PACAl13. PACAl30 achieves the highest turbidity removal due to its strong flocs formation capacity. The results verify that Al30 is another highly active coagulation/flocculation species for turbidity removal.     

氢氧化镁混凝性能及絮体特性

以氢氧化镁作为混凝剂,不同浊度高岭土水样为研究对象,运用iPDA在线监测技术对混凝过程絮体形成进行监测,探求了操作条件对絮体特性和混凝过程的影响;同时讨论了FI值和浊度去除的关系。结果表明,当浊度分别为5、10和20 NTU时,最佳投加量分别为21.6、14.4和3.6 mg/L;随着pH的升高,FI指数增大,同时混凝剂的最佳投加量也逐步减小;随着慢速搅拌转速的增大,絮体破碎过程明显,FI指数降低;当转速为60 r/min时,浊度去除率最高。     

铁铝复配混凝剂处理低温低浊水

针对北京某水库水在冬季呈现低温低浊特性,以此为原水的某水厂在该期间常会出现出水余铝超标现象的问题,通过烧杯实验研究不同投药量下聚合氯化铝(PAC)以及它与三氯化铁(FeCl3)不同复配比形成混凝剂对冬季北京某水库水的处理效果。结果表明,复配药剂存在最佳的Fe/Al摩尔复配比为1/5,此时余铝、有机物去除效果较其他配比混凝剂高。在此配比下,当PAC投药量为0.03 mmol/L时,水中残余铝量取得最低值0.0063 mg/L。相同投药量复配药剂的浊度去除效果比单独使用PAC的浊度去除效果略弱。当投药量为0.06 mmol/L时,Fe/Al摩尔比为1/5的复配混凝剂,能使浊度降至0.4 NTU左右。此外,复配药剂的投药量小,投药范围更宽,易于实际投药操作;同时复配药剂还适于常温及偏中性水源水的处理。规模为5 m3/h中试实验也证明,采用铁铝复配混凝剂连续运行,可获得良好的浊度、余铝去除效果。     

Short-term toxicity of pyraclofos used as a blackfly larvicide on non-target aquatic fauna in a tropical environment

Among the many larvicides tested for the control of s.l. larvae, the vector of human onchocerciasis in West Africa, pyraclofos proved to be 100% effective at 100 μg × L⁻¹ for 10 min in river, with a carry of 20 km at 100 m³ × sec⁻¹. Tests were then performed both in laboratory and field conditions to evaluate its toxicity on the non-target aquatic fauna. In experimental short-term gutter tests, the detachment of the total benthic insects was 35% at 100 μg × L⁻¹ for 10 min against 17% for temephos at the same dose and 59% for chlorphoxim at 50μg × L⁻¹ for 10 min. , and were the most affected organisms. The treatment of a river resulted in a considerable detachment of the same taxonomic groups, plus Orthocladiinae. On the other hand, investigations conducted in tanks showed that the 24-hr LC₅₀ for is 150 μg × L⁻¹ and that for 170 μg × L⁻¹, values which are not very different from the operational dose of the larvicide (100 μg × L⁻¹ for 10 min.). Nevertheless, in a river, no fish mortality was recorded. Based on fish LC₅₀ and drift of benthic insects, pyraclofos at 100 μg × L⁻¹ was judged to be less toxic to aquatic fauna in the short term than permethrin and carbosulfan.     

复配混凝剂理化特性及性能

用聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（PDM）、聚合氯化铝（PAC）按照质量比1%制备了复配混凝剂，研究了其理化特性及原水污染物去除效果。利用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法研究了复配混凝剂的铝（Ⅲ）形态分布，结果表明，Al_a、Al_b和Al_c分别占12.62%、16.02%和71.36%。复配混凝剂Zeta电位平均值为41.6 mV。红外吸收光谱分析表明复配混凝剂的羟基缔合程度比PAC要高。扫描电镜结果表明，固体复配混凝剂表面较为粗糙、结构疏松。相同投加量时，复配混凝剂对江河水、水库水的浊度、COD_Mn、UV₂₅₄的去除效率均优于PAC。实验利用针杆藻人工模拟高藻原水，当投加PDM：PAC质量比10%的复配混凝剂10 mg/L时，复配混凝剂对藻类的去除率为80.5%。     

加药量和水力搅拌速度对雨水混凝效果的影响

为降低分流制雨水中悬浮颗粒物及其他污染物浓度,减轻城市景观河道的水体富营养化程度,对取自泵站的雨水进行混凝沉淀工艺优化实验。以PAC为混凝剂,采用Zeta电位仪、激光粒度仪和iPDA在线监测技术对混凝过程进行监测,考察了混凝剂投加量和水力搅拌速度对絮体形成和分流制雨水处理效果的影响,结果表明,混凝剂投加量和混合水力搅拌速度直接影响絮体Zeta电位和聚沉特性;混合搅拌速度控制混凝反应速率,絮凝速度梯度影响絮体形成粒径。FI曲线特征参数对控制混凝工艺具有指导意义。PAC投加量为35 mg/L,混合阶段搅拌速度800 r/min,搅拌30 s,絮凝阶段采用150、108和60 r/min的转速各自搅拌5 min,沉后水中剩余颗粒总数最少,浊度、COD和总磷去除效果最佳。     

强化混凝工艺深度处理给水厂排泥废水

水厂废水的综合处理与回用是我国供水行业的新趋势和节水目标所在,采用强化混凝技术进行水厂排泥废水的深度处理。通过混凝剂筛选实验和有机物表征确定最佳混凝剂为高效聚合铝(HPAC),适宜投加量为650 mg/L。当混凝剂HPAC投加量为650 mg/L时,对COD、TOC、浊度和色度的去除率分别为82.5%、89.8%、95%和92.5%,相应的出水值分别为58 mg/L、8.46 mg/L、2.35 NTU、13度,COD满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)的要求(COD≤100 mg/L),同时实验结果显示聚合氯化铝(PAC)、HPAC、三氯化铁(FeCl3)主要去除分子量处于>1 300 Da范围的有机物,对分子量处于744～1 300 Da之间的有机物去除有限。