环氧丙烷皂化废水中悬浮物对废水处理的影响及改进措施

环氧丙烷皂化废水中悬浮物对废水处理的影响及改进措施用氯醇法生产环氧丙烷过程中排放的皂化废水,具有ＣＯＤ高、碱度高、盐含量高的特点。特别是以石灰或电石渣为皂化剂时废水中还夹带一定量的皂化废渣,废渣的主要成分为ＣａＣＯ３和Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２。在锦州化学工业公...     

新型高效分散阻垢剂XH—929的性能及应用

分散阻垢剂ＸＨ－９２９对循环冷却水ＣａＣＯ３、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３、ＭｇＳｉＯ３、Ｃａ３（ＰＯ４）２的沉积结垢有很好的抑制作用,且能在碱性条件下Ｚｎ＾２＋。动态模拟和工业应用实例表明,ＸＨ－９２分散阻垢剂与一缓蚀剂复配后,可起到较好的阻垢、缓蚀作用     

新型高效分散阻垢剂XH-929的性能及应用

分散阻垢剂ＸＨ－９２９对循环冷却水中ＣａＣＯ３、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３、ＭｇＳｉＯ３、Ｃａ３（ＰＯ４）２的沉积结垢有很好的抑制作用,且能在碱性条件下稳定Ｚｎ２＋。动态模拟试验和工业应用实例表明,ＸＨ－９２９分散阻垢剂与适量缓蚀剂复配后,可起到较好的阻垢、缓蚀作用。     

海盐工业废渣的综合利用

采用一定的工艺方法,提纯海盐工业废渣中的二水硫酸钙,并制取建筑石膏,用以代替天然石膏生产轻质墙体材料（石膏空心条板）以及水泥添加剂等系列石膏建材制品,经测试,这些石膏建材产品的技术性能指标均达到国家规定的相关标准。     

利用含钡废渣制取建材砖

本文提出了利用含钡废渣制取建材砖的处置方法,确定了工艺条件,制品符合国家建材标准。此法具有简单实用、节约土地和燃料、降低污染等优点。     

天然碱工业废渣再生利用研究

以天然碱为原料生产重质纯碱时副产大量碱性废渣(俗称"苛化泥"),其露天堆放或坑埋,碱化土壤,污染环境和空气,若用大型回转窑煅烧处理,成本高,不经济.对其再生利用试验研究结果表明,采用六段隧道窑技术处理天然碱废渣投资少,效率高,成本低,是天然碱工业废渣再生利用的新方法.     

麦饭石的改性及吸附试验

麦饭石的改性及吸附试验１前言麦饭石是一种含结晶水的硅铝酸盐，呈多孔状或海绵状结构，具有良好的吸附性能，不仅能吸附有机化合物，而且对水溶液中的ＮＯ３、ＮＯ２、Ｐｂ２＋，Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋以及菌类都有较好的吸附作用。根据麦饭石的上述特性，我们用酸或碱对麦...     

粉煤灰在建筑砂浆中的水化机理和粉煤灰效应：粉煤灰建筑砂浆的基础研究之

详细探讨了粉煤灰的形态效应、活性效应格微集料效应及在建筑砂浆中的水化反应机理。粉煤灰所含玻璃微珠与砂浆体中游离Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２的火山灰反应是产生相应力学强度的主要原因,其品质（细度与含碳量）及掺量对不同类型、不同标号砂浆的强度的明显影响。     

含氯废气的治理和综合利用

简介利用氯苯和漂白粉生产过程中产生的含氯废气为原料生产ＫＣｌＯ３，ＫＣｌＯ４和ＢａＣｌ２·２Ｈ２Ｏ的原理，工艺流程，最佳工艺条件以及改革生产工艺，改进生产设备的情况。采用该工艺综合利用含氯废气，不但可以大大减轻环境污染，耐用可以获得可观的经济效益。     

硫酸生产中废水治理工艺的改进

采用ＮａＣｌＯ氧化共沉淀脱砷工艺处理硫酸废水，在ＮａＣｌＯ投加量１２００ｍｇ／Ｌ、铁砷比３．０、氧化终点ｐＨ３．５、聚丙烯酰胺投加量１５ｍｇ／Ｌ的条件下，处理后出水中砷含量降至１．０６ｍｇ／Ｌ，再经第二级中和沉淀后可达国家排放标准。此工艺能使砷富集于沉渣中，达到可回收的水平，此外还可大大减少含砷废渣的产生量。     

高Ca~(2+)浓度CO_2沉淀法由电石渣制备纳米CaCO_3

以NH4Cl溶液为浸取剂、CO2为碳化剂、多聚磷酸钠(STP)为添加剂,由电石渣制备纳米Ca CO3。实验结果表明:电石渣浸取液Ca2+浓度为1.0 mol/L、STP加入量为3.00%时,可制备出粒径为30~60 nm的纳米Ca CO3;STP可有效控制纳米Ca CO3的粒度和形貌;在最佳工艺条件下,由电石渣制备纳米Ca CO3的产率为80%,处理1 t电石渣产生的经济效益约为2 670元。     

Modification of mechanical properties of recycled polypropylene from post-consumer containers

This study is conducted to look at the modification of mechanical properties of recycled polypropylene (PP) from post-consumer containers with the addition of stabilizers, elastomer (ethylene-octene rubber, EOR) and calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)). The mechanical and thermal properties of the blends were evaluated. The results showed limited changes with the addition of elastomer and calcium carbonate on the mechanical properties of the recycled polypropylene. Some differences were observed, but the trends were not reproducible over the different compositions. DSC analysis confirmed the presence of polyethylene (PE) in the recycled polypropylene. The polyethylene impurity and the presence of many different qualities of polypropylene in the recycled material may have prevented any possible improvement in the mechanical properties by the addition of EOR and CaCO(3), improvements seen in previous studies on virgin polypropylene. The compatibility of the different homopolymers and copolymers of PP used in consumer packaging is not known, while polyethylene and polypropylene are known not to be miscible with each other. The mixture of qualities and materials may explain such a poor blending. Reusing and upgrading of recycled PP from post-consumer containers would therefore first require a better sorting of the post-consumer waste. The use of an adequate compatibilizer that would allow a uniform and homogeneous blending of the raw material mixture might enhance the mechanical properties.     

Study on the conversion of waste plastics/petroleum resid mixtures to transportation fuels

Catalytic coprocessing of model and waste plastics with light Arabian crude oil residue was investigated using NiMo/Al₂O₃, ZSM-5, FCC, and hydrocracking catalysts. Reaction systems that were studied included low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), and polypropylene (PP). A series of single (plastic/catalyst) and binary (plastic/resid/catalyst) reactions were carried out in a 25-cm³ micro autoclave reactor under different conditions of weight and type of catalyst, duration, pressure, and temperature. The optimum conditions selected for our work were: 1% catalyst by weight of total feedstock weight, 60min reaction time, 8.3Mpa of H₂, and 430°C. The product distribution for the binary system using plastic and petroleum residue provided some encouraging results. High yields of liquid fuels in the boiling range of 100°–480°C and gases were obtained along with a small amount of heavy oils and insoluble material such as gums and coke. In general, this study helps to demonstrate the technical feasibility of upgrading both waste plastics and petroleum resid, as well as an alternative approach to feedstock recycling.     

The applicability of different waste materials for the production of lightweight aggregates

The applicability of different waste materials for the production of lightweight aggregates has been studied. The following waste materials were investigated: silica sludge, superfluous clay in the quarry, waste glass, and residue from the polishing process of different types of stone. SiC and MnO₂ were selected as foaming agents. Feldspar containing minerals and scrap glass were added in order to lower the softening point of the waste materials. The granules were prepared by mixing together finely ground waste with one or both of the selected foaming agents. The granules were then fired at different temperatures above the softening point of the glassy phase within the temperature range from 1150 to 1220 °C, where the foaming agent degasses, and the resulting gasses remain trapped in the glassy structure. The foaming process was observed by hot-stage microscopy. The properties of the so-obtained granules, such as their apparent density and compressive strength, were determined, and their microstructures were evaluating using SEM and polarizing microscopy.With the addition to clay of polishing residue from granite-like rocks, after firing at 1220 °C homogeneously porous granules with a density down to 0.42 g/cm³ were obtained, whereas with the addition to waste silica sludge of polishing residue from granite-like rocks and waste glass with a foaming agent, after firing at 1220 °C densities from 0.57 to 0.82 g/cm³ were obtained.     

The application and evaluation research of coffee residue ash into mortar

Coffee residue is usually regarded as a kind of agriculture waste; as its quantity increases the treatment of coffee residue will become an environmental problem. This research is innovative in that it derives the possibility of recycle application using coffee residue ash for cement replacement. In this research, coffee residue is burned in an electronic oven to three kinds of coffee residue ash at 500, 600 and 700 °C, and then appropriate apparatus is used to check the chemical and physical properties of these three types of coffee residue ash. After a general comparison, this study selected 500 and 600 °C coffee residue ashes with 2, 3, 5, 10 and 15 % cement replacements to make 5 cm³ cube mortar specimen to test different curing ages’ compressive strength. Through measurement and experiment, this research found that the compressive strength decreased by adding 500 or 600 °C coffee residue ash into the mortar. By considering waste reduction and practice application, this research derives that using the 600 °C coffee residue ash with 10 % replacement is better than others application, such using result also can get valuable efficiencies of financial and CO₂ reduction.     

Options for sustainable industrial waste management toward zero landfill waste in a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) factory in Thailand

The feasibility of the 3R concept tends to increase the reduction, reuse, and recycling of industrial waste. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of 3R methods to cope with industrial waste generated from high-density polyethylene production in Thailand. The sources and types of waste and existing waste management practices were identified. The four sources of waste generation that we identified were: (1) production, (2) packaging, (3) wastewater treatment, and (4) maintenance, distributed as 47, 46, 4, and 3 %, respectively. The main options for management were: sales to recycling plants (60.41 %), reuse and recycling (25.93 %), and industrial-waste landfilling (10.47 %). After 3R options were introduced, the proposed alternatives were found to be capable of reducing the amount of waste by 33.88 %. The results of life-cycle assessment (LCA) were useful for considering the environmental impact where 3R options were adopted. We also found that net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other environmental impacts could be reduced when industrial waste diverted from landfill is used as alternative fuel. However, the cost of waste disposal seems to be the greatest obstacle for the adoption of 3R methods in Thailand.     

Alternative strategies for energy recovery from municipal solid waste Part A: Mass and energy balances

This two-part paper assesses four strategies for energy recovery from municipal solid waste (MSW) by dedicated waste-to-energy (WTE) plants generating electricity through a steam cycle. The feedstock is the residue after materials recovery (MR), assumed to be 35% by weight of the collected MSW. In strategy 1, the MR residue is fed directly to a grate combustor. In strategy 2, the MR residue is first subjected to light mechanical treatment. In strategies 3 and 4, the MR residue is converted into RDF, which is combusted in a fluidized bed combustor. To examine the relevance of scale, we considered a small waste management system (WMS) serving 200,000 people and a large WMS serving 1,200,000 people. A variation of strategy 1 shows the potential of cogeneration with district heating. The assessment is carried out by a Life Cycle Analysis where the electricity generated by the WTE plant displaces electricity generated by fossil fuel-fired steam plants. Part A focuses on mass and energy balances, while Part B focuses on emissions and costs. Results show that treating the MR residue ahead of the WTE plant reduces energy recovery. The largest energy savings are achieved by combusting the MR residue "as is" in large scale plants; with cogeneration, primary energy savings can reach 2.5% of total societal energy use.     

Open windrow composting of polymers: an investigation into the operational issues of composting polyethylene (PE)

This paper investigates the operational issues surrounding the open windrow composting of degradable polyethylene sacks. Areas for consideration were the impact of degradable polyethylene sacks on the composting process, the quality of the finished compost product, and how the use of sacks influenced the on-site processing. These factors were investigated through determining the amount of polymer residue and chemical contaminants in the finished compost product and the daily monitoring of windrow temperature profiles. Site and practical handling considerations of accepting an organic waste contained within PE sacks are also discussed. Statistical analysis of the windrow temperature profiles has led to the development of a model that can help to predict the expected trends in the temperature profiles of open compost windrows where the organic waste is kerbside collected using a degradable PE sack.     

Biodegradability of degradable plastic waste.

Plastic waste constitutes the third largest waste volume in Malaysian municipal solid waste (MSW), next to putrescible waste and paper. The plastic component in MSW from Kuala Lumpur averages 24% (by weight), whereas the national mean is about 15%. The 144 waste dumps in the country receive about 95% of the MSW, including plastic waste. The useful life of the landfills is fast diminishing as the plastic waste stays un-degraded for more than 50 years. In this study the compostability of polyethylene and pro-oxidant additive-based environmentally degradable plastics (EDP) was investigated. Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) samples exposed hydrolytically or oxidatively at 60 degrees C showed that the abiotic degradation path was oxidative rather than hydrolytic. There was a weight loss of 8% and the plastic has been oxidized as shown by the additional carbonyl group exhibited in the Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) Spectrum. Oxidation rate seemed to be influenced by the amount of pro-oxidant additive, the chemical structure and morphology of the plastic samples, and the surface area. Composting studies during a 45-day experiment showed that the percentage elongation (reduction) was 20% for McD samples [high-density polyethylene, (HDPE) with 3% additive] and LL samples (LLDPE with 7% additive) and 18% reduction for totally degradable plastic (TDP) samples (HDPE with 3% additive). Lastly, microbial experiments using Pseudomonas aeroginosa on carbon-free media with degradable plastic samples as the sole carbon source, showed confirmatory results. A positive bacterial growth and a weight loss of 2.2% for degraded polyethylene samples were evident to show that the degradable plastic is biodegradable.     

Effects of calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride addition to bentonite in iron ore pelletization.

Pyrite ash is created as waste from the roasting of pyrite ores during the production of sulphuric acid. These processes generate great amounts of pyrite ash waste that is generally land filled. This creates serious environmental pollution due to the release of acids and toxic substances. Pyrite ash waste can be utilized in the iron production industry as a blast furnace feed to process this waste and prevent environmental pollution. The essential parameters affecting the pelletization process of pyrite ash were studied using bentonite as a binder. Experiments were then carried out using bentonite and a mixture of bentonite with calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride in order to make the bentonite more effective. The metallurgical properties of pyrite ash, bentonite, calcium hydroxide, calcium chloride, a mixture of these and sintered pellets were studied using X-ray analysis. The crushing strength tests were carried out to investigate the strength of pyrite ash waste pellets. The results of these analyses showed that pyrite ash can be agglomerated to pellets and used in the iron production industry as a blast furnace feed. The crushing strength of the pellets containing calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride in addition to bentonite was better than the strength of pellets prepared using only bentonite binder.