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选取骆马湖进湖口、湖中心和出湖口3个位置的沉积物柱芯样品,采用放射性核素137Cs、210Pbex纪年技术定年,对其垂向分布特征及沉积速率指标变化对比分析,并测定沉积物中重金属垂直剖面分布。结果表明:137Cs数值较低,不足以建立137Cs计年时标;210Pbex比活度随深度增加大致呈指数降低,采用210Pbex CIC模式计算获得3个采样点的平均沉积速率及对应的沉积年代区间,进湖口相比湖中心和出湖口沉积速率较低,这与人为活动和水流因素有关;近50年来,骆马湖重金属污染物蓄积峰值总体出现在1975—1977年及1989—1994年两个时期,在2008年之后重金属的蓄积特征呈现逐渐增加趋势 相似文献
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3 放射性核素从大气向陆地和水环境迁移3.1 湿沉降和干沉降自然界中的放射性核素分为天然放射性核素和人工放射性核素2种,核试验和核电站泄漏事故向大气中排放的放射性核素主要是后者。放射性沉降对海域、陆地和地表水产生污染,并经历化学反应、形态变化、生物浓缩、沉降吸收或吸附等反应过程后,一部分污染物蓄积在土壤、水系或生物体内[14,15]。天然放射性核素包括地球形成以来原始的放射性核素以及宇宙射线生成的放射性核素,一般存在于海洋、地壳内和地表面,而且会迁移至水环境,与人工放射性核素具有同样复杂的迁移转化行为。核试验和核… 相似文献
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本文报道了新疆核试验场周围9个调查区17种主要食品中~(90)Sr、~(137)Cs含量分别为11.1—72.3,0.3—40.7·10~(-2)Bq·Kg-1;3个对照区分别为1.6-68.4,0.6-27.4·10~(-2)Bq·Kg~(-1).两地区同类食品中~(90)Sr、~(137)Cs平均含量基本一致。调查区~(90)Sr、Cs~(137)所致成年居民有效剂量当量值分别为2μSv(集体有效剂量当量为0.6人·Sv);0.3μSv(0.1人·Sv)。对照区分别为2.2μSv(集体有效剂量当量为(0.4人·Sv);0.4μSv(0.1人·Sv).可见我国核试验产生的~(90)Sr:~(137)Cs对核试验场周围地区食品没有造成明显局部污染,所致居民剂量当负担量仅占我国天然辐射源所致年有效剂量当量(952μSv)的0.2%和0.03%,如此微不足道的附加剂量,对该地区的广大居民不会产生有意义的健康影响. 相似文献
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采用高纯锗γ谱仪测量连云港田湾海域表层沉积物中7种放射性核素含量水平,分析其粒度特征和放射性核素分布特征,并与我国其他海域作对比。结果表明,该海域以细颗粒沉积物为主,以悬移质泥沙搬运为主要沉积模式;沉积物中~(210)Pb、~(238)U、~(228)Ra、~(40)K、~(226)Ra、~(228)Th、~(137)Cs的测定均值分别为50.89 Bq/kg、39.98 Bq/kg、46.70 Bq/kg、898.72 Bq/kg、25.20 Bq/kg、51.65 Bq/kg、2.01 Bq/kg,虽然比活度变化较大,但总体处于一个水平;每个采样点位各核素出现的极大值有所不同,与离岸距离无明显关系;铀系、钍系衰变系列核素的放射性均呈现出一定的衰变不平衡性;沉积物中~(40)K含量明显高于我国其他海域,~(137)Cs含量明显低于渤海湾,总体高于其他南部海域,与以往研究结论基本一致。 相似文献
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大气气溶胶中重金属元素痕量分析及形态分析研究进展 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
重金属是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,由于重金属的气候效应、环境效应和健康效应,其痕量分析和形态分析越来越受重视.综述了大气气溶胶的采集、重金属的总量分析及形态分析技术,指出了当前研究工作中存在的问题及今后的发展方向. 相似文献
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核电站事故释放出放射性核素对蔬菜和牧草的污染评价 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文采用放射化学和r射线能谱法,对苏联核事故所致新疆地区蔬菜和牧草的放射性污染规律,进行了较系统的研究。研究结果表明:构成污染的主要放射性核素有:~(131)I、~(103)Ru、~(89)Sr、~(137.134)Cs、~(140)Ba-~(140)La、~(141.144)Ce、~7Be、~(95)Zr-~(95)Nb等。主要核素对蔬菜和牧草污染水平的高低次序是:牧草大于蔬菜,阔叶菜大于针叶菜,叶菜大于根、茎类蔬菜。各放射性核素在被污染对象上的污染水平,均按A=Aoe~(-λt)规律衰减,其有效半减期分别为:~(131)I,4.4~5.5天,~(137)Cs5.1~12.2天,~(89)Sr6.3~9.8天,~(103)Ru5.9天,~(134)Cs4.9天。蔬菜经过烹调,可除去污染放射性的一半以上。苏联核事故释放出的主要放射性核素,经蔬菜所致乌鲁木齐地区居民的内照射待积有效剂量当量很小(7.64μsv),不会对人体健康产生不良影响。 相似文献
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渤海大气气溶胶元素组成及物源分析 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
利用电感耦合等离子体-光发射光谱法(ICP-OES)分析了2000年夏季渤海大气气溶胶样品,给出了渤海气溶胶污染物浓度分布特点,结合气象资料和富集因子进行了元素物源分析.分析结果表明,辽东湾的污染程度高于其他海区,气溶胶中含量最高的元素是Zn(1638ng/m3),含量最低的是V(2ng/m3).渤海气溶胶中Pb、Zn、Cu和Ni等具有较高的富集因子.辽东湾Pb的富集因子达4000以上,Zn的富集因子普遍大于其他海区.Pb、Mn、Cu、V等含量的相对大小与同期北京的分析结果一致.综合分析表明,渤海大气严重受到陆地人为排放污染物的影响. 相似文献
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在原子能科学技术飞速发展和广泛应用的今天,人们对它造成的环境放射性污染及对人体健康的影响越来越关心。新疆有我国的核试验基地,虽然近几年大气层核试验已经停止,但一些长半衰期人工放射性核素对其邻近地区居民健康的影响,仍受到国内外极大关注。为了摸清我国核试验场周围地区居民主要食品中人工放射性水平,我们于1984年调查了其周围九个地区和三个对照区主要食品中钚的放射性水平及其所致居民剂量。为全面反映核试验场周围地区的人工放射性水平提供了数据。 一、主要设备和试剂: 1、聚三氟氯乙烯粉(上海曙光化工厂,40-60目) 2、三辛胺 日本进口分装(AR) 3、六路低本底α测量仪 华北七所制 4、电沉积装置 二、材料与方法 选择当地生产消费的主要食品,在收获期采样,取可食部分,洗净凉干,称重,烘干炭化,于450℃马福炉内灰化,100目过筛制得供分析用的样品灰。 相似文献
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利用IED22000A便携式微机多道能谱仪对成都市区土壤的天然放射性核素进行了直接就地测量,估算出天然环境放射性核素^238U、^232Th、^40K的比活度范围分别为10.37~77.19Bq/kg、17,85~225.74Bq/kg、284.83~892.67Bq/kg;外照射指数范围为0.16—0.8;离地面1m高的空气吸收剂量率均值为83.23nGy/h;1外照射年有效剂量当量为0.34~0.70mSv;等效镭浓度的变化范围是59.06-386.45Bq/kg,均值为164.15Bq/kg。各项指标均在容许范围之内,因而成都市属于外照射水平的安全区域,人居环境不受影响。 相似文献
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南京市通讯辐射环境调查 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过对南京市区进行网格式布点监测,并重点监测典型区域和典型基站,采用基于MapInfo构建的电磁辐射环境评价系统进行现状评价。结果表明,南京市电磁辐射水平总体较低,处于安全水平,部分电磁辐射水平相对较高的区域主要受电视发射塔和广播电台的影响,是南京市电磁辐射环境保护和移动通信基站建设应关注的重点。 相似文献
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Han JS Moon KJ Ahn JY Hong YD Kim YJ Ryu SY Cliff SS Cahill TA 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2004,92(1-3):73-93
Size-segregated measurements of the composition of an aerosol are used to determine the transport of natural and anthropogenic aerosols to the Gosan site in springtime from 2001 to 2002. Although the transport of Asian dust is a well-known phenomenon in springtime, this study shows that not only is soil dust transported into Gosan each spring but so are anthropogenic aerosols, including sulfur, enriched trace metals such as Pb, Zn, Ni, K, S. This study also combines the size- and time-resolved aerosol composition measurements with isentropic, backward air-mass trajectories in order to identify some potential source regions of the anthropogenic aerosols. Finally, four types of transport episodes were identified: (1) anthropogenic pollutants, (2) dust storm mixed with the anthropogenic aerosols, (3) typical dust storms, (4) some sea salt with clean air mass. Overall, in addition to typical soil dust, a large amount of anthropogenic aerosols, whether mixed with the soil dust or not, are transported to Gosan each spring. 相似文献
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从空气质量保障目标、监测网络、预测预报、信息发布、科研课题等角度,对比分析了南京青奥会、北京奥运会、上海世博会、广州亚运会等4大赛事/活动的空气质量监测保障体系,总结了南京青奥会在空气流动监测车布设、空气质量专家会商与信息发布等方面的经验得失,并提出了改善建议。 相似文献
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Ravva SV Hernlem BJ Sarreal CZ Mandrell RE 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(2):473-481
Airborne transmission of bacterial pathogens from point sources (e.g., ranches, dairy waste treatment facilities) to areas of food production (farms) has been suspected. Determining the incidence, transport and viability of extremely low levels of pathogens require collection of high volumes of air and characterization of live bacteria from aerosols. We monitored the numbers of culturable bacteria in urban aerosols on 21 separate days during a 9 month period using high volume cyclonic samplers at an elevation of 6 m above ground level. Culturable bacteria in aerosols fluctuated from 3 CFU to 6 million CFU/L of air per hour and correlated significantly with changes in seasonal temperatures, but not with humidity or wind speed. Concentrations of viable bacteria determined by fluorescence staining and flow cytometry correlated significantly with culturable bacteria. Members of the phylum Proteobacteria constituted 98% of the bacterial community, which was characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing using DNA from aerosols. Aquabacterium sp., previously characterized from aquatic environments, represented 63% of all clones and the second most common were Burkholderia sp; these are ubiquitous in nature and some are potential human pathogens. Whole genome amplification prior to sequencing resulted in a substantial decrease in species diversity compared to characterizing culturable bacteria sorted by flow cytometry based on scatter signals. Although 27 isolated colonies were characterized, we were able to culture 38% of bacteria characterized by sequencing. The whole genome amplification method amplified DNA preferentially from Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum, a minor member of the bacterial communities, whereas Variovorax paradoxus dominated the cultured organisms. 相似文献
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Hiep Nguyen Duc Lisa Tzu-Chi Chang Merched Azzi Ningbo Jiang 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2018,190(7):428
Environmental monitoring and modelling, especially in the regional context, has seen significant progress with the widely usage of satellite measurement in conjunction with local meteorological and air quality monitoring to understand the atmospheric dispersion and transport of air pollutants. This paper studies the application of these data and modelling tools to understand the environment effects of a major bushfire period in the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, in 2013. The bushfires have caused high pollution episodes at many sites in the greater Sydney metropolitan areas. The potential long-range transport of aerosols produced by bushfires to other region and states has been seen by regulators as a major concern. Using data and images collected from satellites, in addition to the results obtained from different simulations carried out using HYSPLIT trajectory model and a regional meteorological model called Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM), we were able to identify at least 2 days on which the smoke aerosols from bush fires in NSW has been transported at high altitude to the northern state of Queensland and the Coral Sea. As a result, widespread high particle concentration in South East Queensland including the Brisbane area, as measured by nearly all the air quality monitoring stations in this region, occurred on the day when the smoke aerosols intruded to lower altitude as indicated by the CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) Lidar measurements on the CALIPSO (Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) satellite. The use of meteorological or air quality modelling to connect the ground-based measurements with satellite observations as shown in this study is useful to understand the pollutant transport due to bushfires and its impact on regional air quality. 相似文献