铝胁迫下马尾松幼苗有机酸分泌和根际pH值的变化

以马尾松幼苗为试验材料,选用砂培法研究铝胁迫对马尾松根际pH值、有机酸分泌以及植株中铝累积变化的影响。结果表明,高浓度铝导致根际pH值增加,当铝浓度高于300μmol.L-1时,根际pH值则趋于平稳。在测试的5种有机酸(草酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、乙酸)中,当铝浓度由0升至300μmol.L-1时,草酸和苹果酸根系分泌量随之升高,与根际pH值呈正相关关系;而当铝浓度高于300μmol.L-1时,草酸和苹果酸分泌量则趋于平稳,草酸和苹果酸的分泌影响根际pH值的变化。其次,活性铝通过根系进入植株后,由于营养作用和运输机制,出现分布差异,根部铝积累量明显高于茎和叶。当根系接触的铝浓度低于300μmol.L-1时,植株铝积累量与根际pH值,以及草酸、苹果酸分泌量呈显著正相关。     

粉煤灰中砷溶出特性及其与铁锰相关性分析

将不同燃煤电厂的粉煤灰分为0—2.5μm、2.5—10μm、10—60μm、60—100μm、100—200μm、>200μm不同粒径的样品,采用原子荧光光谱法测定了其中的总砷含量.粉煤灰对砷的富集效果与粒径呈明显的负相关.分别采用去离子水、醋酸、稀盐酸、盐酸羟胺、草酸铵-草酸和柠檬酸钠-连二亚硫酸钠为提取剂对不同粒径粉煤灰中的砷进行了提取.结果显示,去离子水可提取态砷占总砷含量的5.93%—18.70%,醋酸溶液提取砷占总砷的6.78%—16.91%,采用0.25 mol.L-1稀盐酸、0.6 mol.L-1稀盐酸、盐酸羟胺、草酸铵-草酸为提取剂可提取态砷占总砷的比例分别为18.1%—56.5%、28.2%—74.8%、43.4%—80.8%和39.1%—66.7%.盐酸羟胺对砷的提取效果最佳.采用稀盐酸、盐酸羟胺、草酸铵-草酸为提取剂时,可提取砷含量与铁、锰含量具有很好的线性相关性,同时,可提取砷占总砷含量的比例与铁、锰之间也存在显著线性相关性.     

有机酸对不同磷源条件下土壤无机磷形态的影响

土壤有效磷含量低是影响作物生产的重要限制因素之一.作物根分泌活化难溶性磷的有机酸对改善其磷素营养具有重要意义.采用张守敬和Jackson无机磷分级方法,以湖北省武昌土为材料,加入不同磷源和有机酸,经室温培养后,测定速效磷含量和无机磷组分.结果表明,有机酸引起速效磷含量增多,除苹果酸处理的变化较小外,草酸和柠檬酸的加入使土壤中速效磷显著增加.供试有机酸均使土壤铝磷(Al-P)含量下降,钙磷(Ca-P)含量上升,变幅大小依次为草酸处理>柠檬酸处理>苹果酸处理;有机酸活化的磷主要来源于土壤中Al-P和铁磷(Fe-P)中的磷,同时有机酸能够促进土壤中闭蓄态磷(O-P)的形成与积累.图1表3参30     

广州城市湿地的景观特点及小气候效应

研究了广州城市湿地景观特点,对广州市5个不同类型湿地周边的气温、相对湿度及风速进行了一年的测定,分析了城市湿地周边的小气候效应.广州市湿地总面积为74 373 hm2,占国土面积的10%,其中老城区的湿地面积为18 400hm2,占老城区国土面积的15.8%.广州市老城区湿地斑块平均密度(以每10 000 hm2面积内拥有的湿地斑块数计)为2.8块,平均距离为3 270 m.气温随着与湿地距离的增大逐渐升高,200 m观测点的年平均气温比水边高0.8℃.相对湿度的变化与温度的变化相反,随着与湿地距离的增大而降低,200 m观测点的年平均相对湿度比水边低2.4%.湿地周围的平均风速(在100 m范围内)随与湿地距离的增大而降低.市郊湿地与市区内最高温的湿地比,年平均气温低2.7℃,夏季平均气温低1.1 ℃,冬季平均气温低4.1℃.气温的日变化呈单峰型,夏季13:00达到最高,冬季15:00达到最高.相对湿度的日变化和气温的日变化相反,早晨最高,13:00-15:00最低.市郊湿地的日平均相对湿度较市区内湿地高,夏季最大差值达7.5%;冬季最大差值达17.4%.风速的日变化冬季基本呈单峰型,1 d中以11:00的风速较大.夏季13:00风速有所下降,1 d中以15:00-17:00的风速较大.市郊湿地的日平均风速较市区内湿地夏季高30%,冬季高60%.气温和空气相对湿度的季节变化呈单峰型.     

青藏高原希夏邦马冰芯中阴阳离子的研究

本文对希夏邦马浅冰芯的资料进行了分析，发同离子含量变化显示强烈的周期性变化，反映了季节变化的特征。离子浓度高低变化将指示气候的冷暖变化。并与降水量变化有着反相关关系，与δ＾１８Ｏ存在着对应关系，但δ＾１８Ｏ对气候变化的反映没有各咱郭反映灵敏。     

温度变化对磷在水稻土肥际微域中迁移和转化的影响

以湖北潜江水稻土为研究对象,研究了温度变化对所施磷肥在水稻土肥际微域迁移转化的影响。实验采用室内土柱培养法,将磷酸二氢铵单施或与草酸配施后置于5℃、20℃和35℃的温度条件下,分别培养60 d或120 d后,对水稻土肥际微域内水溶性磷、有效磷及酸溶性磷的含量和分布进行了研究。结果表明：不同形态磷在水稻土肥际微域中的迁移距离均较短,单施磷酸二氢铵在5℃和20℃下肥际微域中不同形态磷迁移距离相近,均为50 mm左右,培养时间延长对迁移距离无显著影响,但在这两种培养温度下配施草酸时随着培养时间的延长,磷的迁移距离有所增加。当温度进一步升高至35℃时,配施草酸与否磷的迁移距离均比中低温条件下迁移距离减小,仅为42.5 mm左右。肥际微域中水溶性磷、有效磷和酸溶性磷含量均随着距施肥点距离的增加而显著降低。随着培养温度的升高,肥际微域水溶性磷和有效磷含量和累积量逐渐减少,但酸溶性磷含量基本呈增加趋势。同一温度下,随培养时间延长,各形态磷含量和累积量也逐渐减少。不同温度下配施草酸均能增加肥际微域内水溶性磷和有效磷的累积量。但是随着温度升高,配施草酸与否施磷后肥际微域水溶性磷和有效磷含量和累积量均有显著下降,表明温度升高施入土壤的磷的有效性下降,配施草酸对于减缓升温对磷的固定没有明显影响,但是同一温度下配施草酸可以增加肥际微域水溶性磷和有效磷的含量和累积量。肥际微域可以作为研究磷肥施入土壤后迁移转化及有效性变化的窗口,但是肥际微域中磷的变化对土体磷植物有效性的影响程度还需要进一步通过小区或大田试验进行研究。     

早春逆温条件下茶园近地温度时空分布特征

为防止早春晚霜对茶叶的危害,首先要探明逆温条件下茶园近地气温和地温的时空分布特征.对平地、北坡和南坡等不同地形上茶树冠层温度水平分布、地温日变化以及近地7 m高度范围内气温垂直分布规律的研究结果表明,初春晴朗天气条件下,茶园昼夜温差很大,均在10℃以上,最高达20℃,且晴朗少风条件下夜晚容易出现逆温现象,从而形成霜冻.21:00-06:00时段内逆温程度较强,05:00-06:00达到最强.逆温效应随高度变化,且在4 m高处达到最大;北坡受逆温影响最大,极易遭受霜害.地温变化平缓,傍晚达到一天中的最大值,且平地始终高于北坡.     

太白贝母种植年限对土壤重金属含量及酶活性的影响

通过实地调查与采集重庆市巫溪县8份不同生长年限太白贝母根际区土壤,研究太白贝母根际区土壤酶活性、重金属含量的变化规律,揭示生长年限对其根际土壤中酶活性及重金属含量的影响情况.结果表明,不同生长年限太白贝母根际土壤酶活性、重金属元素含量具有显著性差异(P0.05),呈现出不同的变化规律并具有一定的相关性.整体上,太白贝母栽培品根际土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶随着生长年限的增加呈先下降后上升的趋势,磷酸酶、蔗糖酶随着生长年限的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,野生品根际土壤酶活性与其变化趋势不一致.随着生长年限的增加,太白贝母栽培品根际土壤Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn和Ni含量先升高后下降,As和Cu含量变化不大.野生品根际土壤重金属含量与其变化规律一致.Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Ni含量均远低于国家农用地土壤风险筛选值,Pb含量除S7(中贝)外均低于国家农用地土壤风险筛选值,Zn含量均远高于国家农用地土壤风险筛选值,土壤污染属轻度污染,应采取安全措施,以保证太白贝母的入药安全性.相关分析得知,根际土壤酶活性与重金属含量之间存在相关关系,既存在协同作用,又具有拮抗作用.     

镉胁迫下双孢蘑菇发酵液中低分子量有机酸分泌量与镉含量变化

为探讨镉(Cd)胁迫对发酵液中双孢蘑菇菌丝低分子量有机酸分泌量和Cd含量的影响,以双孢蘑菇A15为材料,通过摇瓶实验,分析不同Cd胁迫时间和胁迫浓度下发酵液中甲酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸、草酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸和富马酸等8种低分子量有机酸、Cd含量及其相关性.结果显示:随胁迫时间和浓度增加,发酵液中有机酸种类和含量均差异显著(P 0.05).随着胁迫时间延长,无Cd和有Cd胁迫下,发酵液中甲酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸和乙酸含量变化趋势一致,甲酸基本呈增加的趋势,苹果酸和琥珀酸呈先增后减趋势,乙酸呈"双峰"模式;草酸、酒石酸、富马酸和柠檬酸含量变化趋势存在差异,无Cd胁迫下,草酸与酒石酸基本呈增加趋势,柠檬酸和富马酸呈减少趋势,Cd胁迫下,草酸和酒石酸呈"双峰"模式,柠檬酸和富马酸呈先增后减的趋势.双孢蘑菇Cd富集量随胁迫浓度的增大而增加,随胁迫时间延长先增后减.相关分析表明:胁迫前期(2 h-1 d),发酵液中Cd含量与富马酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸和乙酸呈显著负相关,与琥珀酸呈显著正相关;胁迫后期(3-7 d),与草酸呈显著负相关,与苹果酸呈显著正相关;整个胁迫过程中,与酒石酸呈显著正相关.低Cd(0.50和1.00 mg/L)胁迫下,发酵液中Cd含量与草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、富马酸和琥珀酸呈显著负相关;高Cd(2.00、6.00和15.00 mg/L)胁迫下,与草酸、酒石酸、甲酸、乙酸、琥珀酸和总酸含量呈显著正相关,与柠檬酸和富马酸呈显著负相关.本研究表明Cd胁迫能够显著地影响双孢蘑菇菌丝分泌的有机酸的种类和含量,有机酸在双孢蘑菇抵抗Cd中起重要作用.(图4表4参50)     

近40年来城市化对天津地区气温的影响

城市化对气温变化有多大影响是气候变暖研究中最受关注的问题之一.应用天津市区、塘沽、宁河、蓟县4个台站1964-2006年气象观测资料,分析了近40年天津地区年及四季的气温变化特征及其与城市化的关系.天津市年平均气温呈显著增加趋势,四季中以冬、春季增幅最大;市区年平均以及各季平均气温变化幅度明显高于其它各区.应用主成分分析研究了各站四季气温在年平均气温的因子荷载,发现第一主成分占较大权重,各站第一特征向量值从大到小排列顺序为市区、蓟县、宁河、塘沽,与4个地区不同的人口数量和城市化进程有关,而城市化过程直接导致城市热岛效应加强.另外主成分分析发现,第一特征向量最大值出现在冬、春季,也进一步表明天津市气温增加主要由于冬、春两季气温的快速增加所致.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.