鲤鱼对食物及水中镉的摄取及在组织中的分配

这项研究的目的是要评价被污染的捕食对象是否是鱼体中镉的主要来源,为了这一目的我们研究了鲤鱼对食物及水中镉的摄取及在组织中的分配。在实验中,将鱼暴露在镉污染的食物或水中四星期。当暴露在被污染的食物中时,将鱼放置在清洁的水中,喂食污染的幼虫,幼虫事先在99μg/L的镉溶液中达到平衡。鱼暴露在污染的水中期间(名义上是100μgcd/L,,实际上是80μgcd/L)鱼被喂食无污染的食物。喂食污染的幼虫的鱼体组织中镉的积累量递增的顺序是肠>肾>肝=鳃>肌肉,而用污染的水做实验的顺序是肠>鳃>肾>肝>肌肉,对于这两条途径,几乎所有的组织中镉的摄取都是相似的,只是来自污染水中的鱼鳃镉积累量比来自污染食物中的鱼鳃要高。这些发现表明在污染的水体中,鱼从污染的猎物中对镉的摄取起着重要作用。     

孔石莼（Ulva pertusa）对铅、铜、镉的吸收

研究了大型藻孔石莼对铅、铜和镉的吸收动力学和热力学过程。结果表明,暴露于不同浓度的重金属体系中的孔石莼对铅、铜和镉的积累量随着水相中的游离态浓度的增加而增加,可以用Langmuir吸附等温式从热力学平衡角度加以描述,铅和镉饱和结合量分别为：0．715mg/g干重,Cd^2＋为0．037mg／g干重;在孔石莼对铜（0．056mg／L）吸收动力学浓度的实验中,第4天达到了吸收平衡,蓄积量为对照组的9．01倍;在镉暴露浓度为0．028mg／L的实验中,第5天达吸收平衡,蓄积量为对照组的5．06倍。     

水体中挥发酚自净模式研究

采用均匀设计法设计实验，当实验条件曝气强度（ml/min)、酚的起始浓度（mg/l)、加入底泥量（g)、加入10%HgCl2量（ml)、处理温度（℃）、处理时间（小时）分别用X1、X2、X3、X4、X5、X6表示时，得到它们与含酚污水中总酚去除率Y和挥发除去酚浓度C的关系分别为：Y=-100.67 21.835Lnx1 17.920Lnx2 1.595√x3-0.124x4 1.131x5-1.086e^x6;C=-3.308 0.614Lnx1 0.307Lnx2 0.179√x3 5.100*10^-2x4 2.369*10^-2x5-0.692Lnx6。并讨论了酚在水体中自净的规律。     

多溴联苯醚在桂花鱼体内的分布

使用 GC-MS-NCI检测方法对持久性有机污染物多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的同系物BDE28,47,66,85,99,100,138,153,154,183,209 在桂花鱼体内的含量及分布进行了研究．结果表明,Σ₁₀ PBDEs（不包括BDE209）在肾脏中含量最高,肌肉中含量最低,其干重平均值分别为5.71 ng·g^-1 和0.95 ng·g^-1．Σ₁₀ PBDEs在肾脏、鱼鳔、肝脏、鱼鳃、生殖腺、鱼皮、肠胃和肌肉中的干重含量分别为3.04～12.8、0.81～6.90、1.28～8.87、0.09～6.36、1.05～5.73、0.022～5.06、0.69～5.98和0.14～2.61 ng·g^-1．Σ₁₀ PBDEs在各组织和器官的含量顺序为: 肾脏、鱼鳔、肝脏> 鱼鳃、生殖腺> 肠胃、肌肉、鱼皮．桂花鱼体所含低溴取代 PBDEs 以 BDE47 为主要同系物,所占丰度为35.7%～65.6%．十溴取代物 BDE209 在所有样品中检出率为 45.2%,其中在肾脏和生殖腺中含量较高．研究表明,PBDEs 由摄食、呼吸2种主要途径进入桂花鱼体内,易富集在肝脏、鱼鳔、鱼鳃等脂肪含量较高的组织和器官中．     

丹东市区段鸭绿江水体中铅、镉的含量

利用生物指示物（鳙鱼）对丹东地区鸭绿江水体中的铅、镉污染进行监测，采具鳙鱼-碳化酸溶-电热原子光谱法对丹东鸭绿江流域鳙鱼体内的铅、镉的含量进行了相关检测，在相同的实验条件下对该地区的水体中的铅、镉的含量进行对比，并对该地区的铅、镉污染进行了相关的评价，通过一年的监测未见超标。铅、镉含量分别为6．53±0．07（ng/g）、4．60±0．03（ng/g）；回收率分别为98.9％、103.5％；RSD分别为5．3％、4．1％。     

钼作用下油菜对镉胁迫的生理生化响应及其对镉吸收的特征

为了探讨施钼对不同浓度镉胁迫油菜的缓解效果,利用盆栽试验,研究了4种外源钼梯度（0、50、100、200 mg·kg^-1）对低镉（0.5 mg·kg^-1）和高镉（6.0 mg·kg^-1）两种胁迫下油菜生理生化、生物量、镉的转运富集等的影响作用.结果显示,外源钼可促进镉胁迫油菜长度、鲜重、干重增加.不同浓度的钼可使镉胁迫油菜生理生化指标丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸（Pro）积累量显著降低,可溶性蛋白（SP）含量、可溶性糖（SS）含量、叶绿素（Chla和Chlb）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）活性显著提高;同时,施入钼能够有效抑制油菜对镉的吸收富集,但对其转运影响相对较小,同时又可显著提高油菜对镉的耐性.钼对镉的抑制作用表现为提高油菜的生物量水平、改善其生理生化性能,通过参与油菜生理过程降低油菜对镉的吸收,进而提高油菜对进入体内镉的耐受力,外源钼能有效地降低Cd胁迫对油菜的毒害.     

镉诱导华溪蟹不同组织金属硫蛋白表达及镉蓄积的研究

为了系统研究镉诱导华溪蟹不同组织(肝胰腺,腮)金属硫蛋白(MT)表达及镉蓄积状况,并探讨二者之间的关系,采用体外镉暴露法处理华溪蟹,用镉-血红蛋白饱和法和火焰原子吸收分光光度法(AAS)分别测定华溪蟹肝胰腺及腮中镉蓄积及MT表达含量.结果显示,暴露期间动物死亡率低于9.2%.体重未见显著变化.不同浓度镉暴露下.华溪蟹体内镉蓄积及金属硫蛋白表达具有明显组织差异,且呈现一定的时间-效应与剂量-效应关系.鳃中镉蓄积量高于肝胰腺且最高达到(15.41 ±3.21)μg·g-1;而肝胰腺中MT表达量高于鳃,最高达到(97.18±11.83)μg·g-1.通过鳃及肝胰腺中MT的镉结合率计算,显示肝胰腺中的镉可完全被MT结合,而鳃中镉蓄积量远远大于MT结合能力.     

阳极溶出伏安法连续测定底泥中的总镉和总铅

底泥样品经盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解后，用1＋1盐酸溶解残渣，以高氯酸做支持电解质，采用阳极溶出伏安法的标准加入法，连续测定样品中的总镉和总铅。该方法测定土壤标准样品中镉和铅的相对标准偏差分别为5．6％和4．6％，相对误差分别为2．4％和-1．7％；测定自采底泥样品中镉和铅的相对偏差分别为7．7％和8．1％，方法的重复性好；测定土壤标准样品中镉加标回收率为94．0％-106．8％，铅加标回收率为95％-103．8％；自采样品中镉加标回收率为93．0％-105．6％，铅加标回收率为90．0％-105．0％，方法的准确度较高。实验中，镉和铅的半波电位稳定，峰形对称。     

江西红山隐爆角砾岩-斑岩型铜矿床的成因

红山铜矿成矿流体δD在－52.7‰～-87.8‰,δ18OH2O在＋1‰～＋6‰，δ34SH2S在0～2.5‰之间。矿石钻同位素表明错主要来自岩浆岩，两阶段模式计算出第一阶段（Th／U）比值为4．21，第二阶段为3．82＝0．22。[CuCl2]是氨基络合物迁移的主要形式（α＝75％），少量以[CuCl3]2形式搬迁（α＝25％）。强调压力在隐爆角砾岩化发生前后的变化对成矿意义影响尤大。厘定了主成矿年龄在97.1～98．8Ma，最后提出了隐爆角砾岩－斑岩铜矿成岩成矿模式。     

伏安法测定地下水中的氟

本文采用三电极系统（工作电极：玻碳电极；参比电极：甘汞电极；辅助电极：铂电极）研究了Pr（Ⅲ）－ALC－F体系吸附波的特性。在pH＝1．0的六次甲基四胺、硝酸溶液中，峰电位Ep＝-0.66V（vs．SCE）处，峰电流与F浓度在1×10－7至1×10－5mol／L范围内呈线性关系，检出限为：8×10－8mol／L，精密度为；0．7％。本法适用于各种样品的分析，具有灵敏度高，抗干扰能力强，试验简便无毒的特点。用该方法测定了地下水中的氟离子，结果令人满意。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.