催化还原法净化处理氮氧化物的工程实例

针对不锈钢产品酸洗处理过程中产生的氮氧化物浓度高、对大气污染的影响大、且难于净化治理等特性,在上海某不锈钢项目中设计了一套酸雾净化系统。该设计解决了酸洗中产生的氮氧化物难以净化的问题,提升了氮氧化物处理技术,它将成为不锈钢酸洗行业中氮氧化物净化处理技术的发展方向。     

不锈钢酸洗钝化含氟废水处理

引言不锈钢经过酸洗,钝化处理可以在表面生成一层均匀的氧化膜,提高不锈钢设备的耐蚀性,延长使用寿命。在不锈钢酸洗、钝化工艺中我们使用的酸洗液为HF5％(v/v％),HNO_310％(v/v％)水溶液。我厂含氟废水来自不锈钢酸洗废水。规定的氟的最高允许排放浓度为10mg/升,水中含有过量的氟对人体健康有很大影响,特别是对发育期儿童可造成斑齿和骨胳变质等     

化学法处理不锈钢酸洗废水技术

采用化学法处理不锈钢酸洗废水.去除其中的重金属离子,中和后使PH值呈中性,达到国家排放标准.     

钢铁酸洗废水资源化工艺研究

介绍了酸洗废水资源化的几种工艺:蒸发、喷雾焙烧、膜分离、结晶、离子交换。分析了这些技术的原理及优缺点,并与欧盟最佳可行技术的要求进行了比较,对酸洗废水的资源化处理进行了展望。     

中和沉淀—混凝气浮法在废水处理中的应用

本文介绍营口铁尔曼。辽河不锈钢制品有限公司用“中和－隔油－混凝沉淀－混凝气浮－过滤”工艺处理不锈钢原料板脱脂，酸洗钝化废水的运行状况，并指出运行中存在的问题及改进的方法。     

扩散渗析—电渗析法回收盐酸酸洗废水中的酸和铁

为了达到盐酸酸洗废水＂零排放＂的要求,采用扩散渗析—电渗析联合工艺技术,进行回收酸洗废水中的盐酸和铁的试验研究。考察了扩散渗析装置料液进水流量、蒸馏水与酸洗废水流量比、电渗析装置阴极室进水pH值、阴极室和阳极室进水流量和槽电压对酸洗废水中盐酸和铁回收效果的影响。结果表明,用不锈钢作阴极,自制改性Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/PbO2电极作阳极,采用DF120型均相阴离子交换膜,当扩散渗析装置料液进水流量为0.35L/h,维持蒸馏水与酸洗废水流量比为1,电渗析装置阴极室进水pH值为2.50,阴极室和阳极室进水流量为0.06L/h,槽电压为10V时,回收盐酸浓度平均为0.2mol/L,盐酸回收率平均为66.7%;出水中Fe2＋浓度平均为99.5mg/L,铁回收率均可达到88%。     

渗析法处理回收硝酸、氢氟酸的试验研究

<正> 1 前言不锈钢及高温合金材料,在加工过程中其表面产生一层氧化物通常是用酸洗法去除。酸洗经常采用的是盐酸、硫酸,对于不锈钢和特殊钢则用混酸酸洗。采用硝酸-氢氟酸混酸酸洗,具有酸洗速度快,钢材表面质量好,且不易过酸洗的优点。目前国内外生产不锈钢的厂家大多采用硝酸-氢氟酸混合酸酸洗去除不锈钢表面的氧化层。经多次酸洗,酸洗液中的金属离子增加到一定浓度,含酸量降低,失去酸洗能力即成为废液。该废液中除含有硝酸、氢氟酸外还含有     

不锈钢酸洗废水的化学还原沉淀法处理

无锡县自动焊丝厂在用混合酸(HF+HNO_3)处理不锈钢材料表面氧化膜的过程中,产生一定量的倒槽废酸和酸洗后的冲洗水。其主要污染物为:F~-、NO_3~-、Cr~(6+)、Cr~(3+)、Ni~(2+)、Fe~(2+)等,且酸性很强。本文介绍采用铁屑还原-石灰乳沉淀法处理此种酸洗废水,获得了满意的效果。该法最大的优点在于应用了铁屑还原技术,同时解决了Cr~(6+)还原、酸度降低这两个问题,能减少中和剂的用量。     

某金属制品厂酸洗废水综合治理的工程实践

摘要：通过分析金属酸洗废水的特．最，采用混凝十沉淀法对某金属制品厂废水进行处理达标排放后经中水回用到生产车问的工程实践。其运行证明，该处理工艺具有工程费用低，运行稳定，维护方便，效果显著的优点，为酸洗清洗废水的处理提供了一种简单而行之有效的方法。     

含铬废水的回收利用与处理

含铬废水的来源铬与铬的化合物具有一系列重要用途,广泛用于多种工业部门。含铬废水中铬的存在形式有六价和三价两种。六价铬产生于机械、航空、仪表、电气和医疗器械制造工业的电镀厂(或车间),电解研磨企业,以及制造铬酸盐和三氧化二铬的工厂。三价铬产生干皮革厂的铬鞣车间,染料厂的还原咔叽2G车间,制药厂的对硝基甲酸车间,以及某些化工厂、香料厂。此外在石油炼厂等企业,把铬的化合物加入冷却水中以抑制腐蚀,在对不锈钢制品进行酸洗处理,以及由于不锈钢和其它铬合金材料遭受腐蚀而     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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