紫外分光光度法测定总氮空白值过高原因分析

碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法测定总氮过程中,常常发生空白值过高而影响测定的情况,可能造成空白值过高的原因很多．主要包括纯水质量、试剂纯度、实验条件等几个方面,通过对可能造成总氮测定空白值过高的各项原因进行逐一系统分析和试验．发现造成空白值过高的原因主要为试剂过硫酸钾纯度不够,含有的总氮杂质过高所致,采用二次重结晶的方法时过硫酸钾试剂提纯后使用。同时严格地按照标准方法要求控制实验条件,即可大大降低总氮测定的空白值。     

过硫酸钾提纯对水体中总氮消解的影响

总氮可以反映水体中氮污染程度,是水体监测和氮相关研究的必测指标。水体中总氮的测定采用我国总氮测定方法标准HJ 636—2012,而在实际测定过程中,因为过硫酸钾纯度不够,存在空白值偏高、测定结果不准确和重复性差等问题,会导致总氮测定试验失败。为探究常见的过硫酸钾种类、提纯次数等对总氮消解的影响,对过硫酸钾种类和过硫酸钾提纯次数与总氮空白样吸光度的关系进行研究。结果表明:市售99.99%纯度和分析纯过硫酸钾消解后的总氮空白样吸光度大于0.030且总氮标准曲线相关系数不达标,结果无效;用廉价分析纯过硫酸钾进行化学提纯,经过4次连续溶解、冷藏结晶和50℃烘干,提纯2次后过硫酸钾消解的样品,其总氮空白样吸光度、总氮标准曲线相关系数、总氮样品加标回收率等均满足HJ 636—2012标准的要求,并且提纯后过硫酸钾的总氮消解效果稳定;总氮标准曲线最大值可拓宽至100μg(以氮计),高浓度总氮样品稀释倍数以样品稀释后测得的吸光度落在总氮标准曲线高范围内为宜。     

紫外分光光度法测定总氮空白值过高原因分析

对可能造成总氮测定空白值过高的各项原因进行了系统分析和试验,发现造成空白值过高的原因主要为过硫酸钾试剂纯度不够,含有的总氮杂质过高所致,采用二次重结晶的方法对过硫酸钾试剂提纯后使用,可大幅度地降低空白值。     

降低总氮测定空白的方法改进

根据 GB1 1 894— 89《水和废水监测分析方法》中水质总氮测定方法 ,发现空白值有增高现象 ,通过研究证明 ,氧化时间的长短、蒸馏水纯度的高低、碱性过硫酸钾存储时间的长短以及实验室环境等都会对总氮空白测定值有影响 ,文章对以上因素进行逐一分析和实验对比 ,明确了影响因素 ,提出了改进建议。     

HJ636—2012测定总氮时影响空白值因素分析

碱性过硫酸钾氧化紫外分光光度法(HJ 636—2012)测定水中总氮时,经常出现空白值偏高的现象。为此,从总氮的测定过程出发,探讨了影响总氮测定的因素。结果表明:过硫酸钾的纯度对空白值的影响最大;氢氧化钠的纯度对空白值也有一定的影响;实验中可用去离子水代替无氨水;当室温超过27℃时,碱性过硫酸钾溶液的存放时间最好不超过3 d;不同的消解设备对空白值的影响不明显。     

降低总氮测定空白的方法改进

根据GB11894—89《水和废水监测分析方法》中水质总氮测定方法，发现空白值有增高现象，通过研究证明，氧化时间的长短、蒸馏水纯度的高低、碱性过硫酸钾存储时间的长短以及实验室环境等都会对总氮空白测定值有影响，文章对以上因素进行逐一分析和实验对比，明确了影响因素，提出了改进建议。     

基于不同因素对地表水中总氮测定空白值影响的探讨

实验室在运用《水质总氮的测定碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法》(HJ 636-2012)测定水中总氮时,总会出现空白值偏高的状况,本文就对空白值影响较大的两个因素(碱性过硫酸钾和实验用水)进行了研究,结果表明:优级纯过硫酸钾的空白值能达到国标要求,分析纯过硫酸钾的空白值高于0.030,进行重结晶两次后空白值可达到要求,且制备的标准曲线相关系数能达到0.99996。根据市售价格,重结晶两次后回收的分析纯过硫酸钾单价远远低于优级纯,性价比高。超纯水的空白值能满足实验要求,但纯水的空白值高于0.030,无法满足要求。     

影响总氮空白测定因素的实验探讨

水质中总氮的测定采用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法(HJ 636-2012),对本方法中影响总氮测定的各种因素进行了实验探索和结果分析.在实验探索中,主要是从实验用水、实验试剂、实验器皿(主要是比色管)等方面研究总氮测定过程中对空白的影响.实验结果分析表明:实验用水只要是新鲜制备的去离子水,分别通过两台纯水机的水都能满足空白值要求.过硫酸钾和氢氧化钠的纯度、碱性过硫酸钾溶液和1+9盐酸溶液的存放时间、比色管的洁净程度等均会影响总氮的空白值.结合综上所述方案,可以得到最优化的总氮空白值为0.010的吸光度.     

碱性过硫酸钾紫外光度法测定水中总氮时影响空白值的因素

测定水中总氮时,经常会出现空白值偏高的情况.通过分析碱性过硫酸钾本身纯度的影响、消解量、消解温度和时间、实验用水纯度、玻璃器皿的洁净度、碱性过硫酸钾存储时间、实验室环境因素等影响因素.找出了实验出现问题的原因,并进行了校正.     

重结晶-缓慢冷却法在提纯过硫酸钾的应用

在总氮的测定方法碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法中,空白值的高低会影响到实验结果的准确度,而过硫酸钾纯度的影响尤为明显。本文提出用重结晶-缓慢冷却法提纯过硫酸钾,分析温度和搅拌速度速率等因素的影响,根据实验结果该法可满足总氮测定的质量控制要求。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.