城市固体废弃物及其资源潜力

全球日产城市固体废弃物２７００万ｔ，年产量约１００亿ｔ，其资源潜力：能源潜力为６１０１６ＫＪ，或２．４１０１３ｋＷｈ．相当于世界总能耗的１／１０；有机肥潜力为１０亿ｔ．相当于年产１０万ｔ的化肥厂１万个所产化肥的总产量；饲料潜力为３２亿ｔ，相当于１９亿ｔ谷物；可回收黑色和有色金属３～５亿ｔ，塑料１～２亿ｔ．充分开发和利用这一资源，有利于协调环境与发展的问题     

中国的能源问题与可再生能源发展规划

中国是一个能源生产大国，也是一个能源消费大国。2003年，全国商品能源生产总量为16．03亿吨标准煤，比2002年增长11％，其中：煤炭产量16．67亿吨、原油产量1．7亿吨、天然气产量345亿立方米，2003年，发电量1．9万亿千瓦时，比2002年增长15．5％，2003年底发电装机容量为3．85亿     

论我国中小型燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫技术

论我国中小型燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫技术煤炭占我国一次性能源生产和消费总量的７５％左右，燃煤硫分大于２％的每年达１亿多吨，１９９３年我国ＳＯ。排放量为１７９５万吨，酸雨在局部地区相当严重，城市酸雨ＰＨ值小于５．６的占．４９．３％．国外脱硫技术；燃烧前脱硫、燃...     

在中原大地书写“绿色传奇”

中国可作为能源利用的生物质资源总量每年约4．6亿吨标准煤,目前已利用量约2200万吨标准煤,还有约4．4亿吨可作为能源利用。     

我国资源节约综合利用取得新突破

我国资源利用效率和综合利用水平有了新突破。据国家经贸委介绍，１９９８年全国每万元国民生产总值能耗由上年的３．５５吨标准煤下降到３．３８吨标准煤，节约和少用能源７０００万吨标准煤，节能率为４．８％；节约钢材１１０万吨，节约和代用木材１７３７万立方米，“三废”综合利用实现产值２４０亿元，利润５５亿元；工业固体废物综合利用量３．１６亿吨，利用率为４５％，其中煤矸石综合利用量６５１０万吨，利用率为４０％，粉煤灰综合利用量５７００万吨，利用率为５３％。全国废旧物资回收利用总值为３６０亿元。太阳能热水器年产…     

国家计委1997年资源节约和综合利用计划说明

1996年资源节约和综合利用计划基本完成。预计全年国内生产总值比去年增长9．7％．能源生产总量增长2．14％，能源消费总量增长5．3％。每万元国内生产总值能耗将由1995年的403吨标准煤降至3．87吨标准煤（计划为3．76），每万元工业增加值能耗将由1995年的787吨标准煤降至7．48吨标准煤，全社会节能量达到5700万吨标准煤，基本实现了节能量计划目标。但只有一半的主要耗能产品单位能耗指标下降，四分之一回升，四分之一持平。电力、冶金、建材、化工等高耗能行业的产品单耗有所下降。预计供电煤耗下降2克标准煤；吨钢综合能耗下降10千克标…     

分布式能源系统将引领用能革命

清洁生产的目标可概括为“节能降耗、减污增效”。2005年我国一次能源消费总量为22．2亿吨标准煤，今后这个消费量还将持续增长。20多亿吨标准煤的能源如何高效利用，并在能源利用过程中最大可能地降低污染，是我国无法回避的现实、严峻的问题，也是我国推广清洁生产、发展循环经济所必须解决的问题。     

1998年中国节能工作综述

一、基本情况1998年能源生产总量比1997年下降4．7％，能源消费总量比1997年增长2．0％，能源消费弹性系数为026左右。预计每万元国内生产总值能耗将由1997年的3．55吨标准煤降至3．38吨标准煤，节能率为4．8％，全社会节能量约为7000万吨标准煤，每万元工业增加值能耗将由1997年的5．50吨标准煤下降到523吨标准煤，均可完成1998年节能计划目标。1998年是《中华人民共和国节约能源法》贯彻实施的第一年。在全国各地学习、宣传、贯彻《节能法》的同时，国家有关部门印发了《新能源和可再生能源发展纲要》、《中国节能技术政策大纲》、《关于…     

动态信息

2004年中国万元GDP 能耗上升5．3％ 2004年中国国内生产总值比上年增长9．5％,与此同时,中国能源消费总量达19．7亿吨标准煤,比上年增长15．2％;万元GDP能耗1．58吨标准煤,上升5．3％。从能源消费结构来看,2004年,煤炭消费量18．7亿吨,比上年增长14．4％;原油2．9亿吨,增长16．8％;天然气415亿立方米,     

从能源看环境税

<正>目前,我国在经济高速增长的同时,能源的消耗量也在不断地攀升。2009年,能源消耗总量达30.66亿吨标准煤,一次能源生产总量27.5亿吨标准煤,能源生产与消耗直接导致了巨大的污染物排放总量排放,例如,二氧化硫、烟尘、粉尘、氮氧化物和二氧化碳等。其次,我国的能源消费弹性系数、能耗强度(以标准煤计)仍是发达国家的5～7倍,单位GDP二氧化硫和氮     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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