武汉沉湖湿地水鸟群落特征及其与富营养化关系研究

富营养化是水中氮、磷等营养物质大量积累引起的水质污染现象,直接导致水体群落结构的改变,这一定程度上引起了以水生生物为食的水鸟的群落特征的变化。为找寻水鸟群落特征与富营养化两者的关系,2010年1月~2013年1月3年内按春夏秋冬4季对武汉沉湖湿地自然地保护区水鸟进行了调查,沉湖和张家大湖的水鸟多样性有明显的周年变化规律,多样性指数冬季最高,最高值分别为12.19和9.89;春夏季最低,最低值分别为7.53和2.45;对比分析了两个子湖,沉湖湖区与张家大湖湖区富营养化指数TLI分别为64和78,沉湖水鸟种类、数量和多样性指数皆高于张家大湖,湖泊富营养化会影响水鸟多样性。     

Evaluation of the usefulness of bird feathers as a non-destructive biomonitoring tool for organic pollutants: a comparative and meta-analytical approach

In this study, we investigated whether bird feathers can be used as a non-destructive biomonitor for organic pollutants. We analysed the outermost tail feathers of 8 terrestrial and aquatic bird species from Belgium (8 species, n=108) for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Every compound class could be quantified in one single tail feather of the birds under study (sum PCBs ranging from 5.5 to 510 ng/g feather, sum PBDEs from 0.33 to 53 ng/g feather, sum DDTs from 1.5 to 730 ng/g feather), except for PBDEs in feathers of the common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus). Further, we calculated Pearson correlations between concentrations of organic pollutants in feathers and concentrations in corresponding muscle or liver tissue from the birds. Correlations were found significant in half of the cases of the terrestrial species, but were found not significant for the aquatic species, with the exception of a significant correlation of sum PCBs in the common moorhen. Only for the common buzzard (Buteo buteo) (n=43) all correlations were found significant (0.32相似文献   

Influence of air-sea fluxes on chlorine isotopic composition of ocean water: implications for constancy in delta37Cl--a statistical inference

The behaviors of chlorine isotopes in relation to air-sea flux variables have been investigated through multivariate statistical analyses (MSA). The MSA technique provides an approach to reduce the data set and was applied to a set of 7 air-sea flux variables to supplement and describe the variation in chlorine isotopic compositions (delta37Cl) of ocean water. The variation in delta37Cl values of surface ocean water from 51 stations in 4 major world oceans--the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and the Southern Ocean has been observed from -0.76 to +0.74 per thousand (av. 0.039+/-0.04 per thousand). The observed delta37Cl values show basic homogeneity and indicate that the air-sea fluxes act differently in different oceanic regions and help to maintain the balance between delta37Cl values of the world oceans. The study showed that it is possible to model the behavior of chlorine isotopes to the extent of 38-73% for different geographical regions. The models offered here are purely statistical in nature; however, the relationships uncovered by these models extend our understanding of the constancy in delta37Cl of ocean water in relation to air-sea flux variables.     

武汉市金银湖水鸟多样性及其与水环境关系的初步研究

2007年11月～2009年3月对金银湖越冬期和迁徙期水鸟进行了调查研究,共计水鸟34种,隶属于8目11科,其中冬候鸟21种,夏候鸟6种,留鸟5种,旅鸟2种;古北种21种,东洋种2种,广布种11种;列入国家重点保护Ⅱ级鸟类和中国濒危动物红皮书名录的有白琵鹭（Platalea leucorodia）1种,省级保护鸟类10种。按食性分,主食鱼虾类水鸟种数占优势,而主食水生植物类水鸟生物量较大。水质测试结果表明金银湖为劣Ⅴ类水体。通过分析不同季节以及栖息地环境改变前后水鸟多样性指数的变化,认为重建湿生植被和通过调节水位改变滩涂与水域的面积可提高水鸟多样性。武汉城市湖泊与远郊湖泊的水鸟多样性及环境条件的比较结果显示：水鸟多样性与水体污染程度呈负相关,与水域面积呈明显正相关,因此应严禁湿地的过度开发和蚕食湿地的行为,同时改善湖泊水质迫在眉睫。     

河口三角洲地表水文连通性研究进展

三角洲通常位于河流与湖泊、海洋等大型地表水体的过渡带,分布全球约8%人口。受地势低缓、流域来沙减少和海平面上升等多因素作用,三角洲系统被认为是诸多地表类型中高度敏感和脆弱的地带。近年来,地表水文连通性成为三角洲水文水动力领域新的热点问题。通过国内外相关文献调研,系统阐述了水文连通性概念、三角洲地表水文连通性组成以及三角洲形态和水文连通性的联系。研究表明:三角洲地表水文连通性可分为结构连通性、功能连通性和过程连通性;基于图论方法的结构连通性仅表征河网在三角洲水文连通性的作用,而功能连通性和过程连通性反映水文水动力要素的空间分布及其与气象等环境要素的耦合关系,但亟需有效的野外观测和调查数据;三角洲形态与水文连通性存在一定联系,部分形态指标可用于刻画三角洲地表水文连通程度。因三角洲具有高度时空异质性和复杂地形地貌等特点,从学科发展趋势和应用需求的角度出发,未来应综合采用野外观测、数理统计和数值模拟等多学科交叉的研究策略,为三角洲湿地生态系统应对当前快速变化环境等重大问题提供科学依据。     

Environmental implications of changes in the levels of lakes in the Ethiopian Rift since 1970

The Ethiopian rift is characterized by a chain of lakes of various sizes and hydrological and hydrogeological settings. The rift lakes and feeder rivers are used for irrigation, soda extraction, commercial fish farming, and recreation, and they support a wide variety of endemic birds and wild animals. The levels of some of these lakes have changed dramatically over the last three decades. Lakes that are relatively uninfluenced by human activities (Langano and Abaya) remain stable except for the usual inter-annual variations, strongly influenced by rainfall. Some lakes have shrunk due to excessive abstraction of water; others have expanded due to increases in surface runoff and groundwater flux from percolated irrigation water. Lakes Abiyata and Beseka, both heavily impacted by human activities, show contrasting lake level trends: the level of Abiayata has dropped by about 5 m over three decades because of the extraction of water for soda and an upstream diversion for irrigation. Beseka has expanded from an area of 2.5 to 40 km² over the last three decades because of increased groundwater inputs from percolated irrigation water. Lake Awassa has risen slightly due to land use changes resulting in increased runoff in its catchment. This paper addresses these lake level changes and their environmental repercussions, based on evidence from hydrometeorological records, hydrogeological field mapping supported by aerial photography and satellite imagery interpretations, water balance estimation, and hydrological modeling. A converging evidence approach is used to reconstruct the temporal and spatial variations of lake levels. The results reveal that the major changes in the rift valley are mainly related to anthropogenic factors. These changes appear to have grave environmental consequences for the fragile rift ecosystem. These consequences demand the very urgent implementation of integrated basin wide water management practice.     

太湖生态修复治理工程

太湖是我国第三大淡水湖泊 ,也是流域的重要水体。近年来 ,随着人口的增长 ,经济高速发展 ,人为社会经济活动影响 ,水资源系统受到很大冲击 ,水质变劣 ,湖体营养过程加剧 ,生态环境受到明显损害 ,制约了流域社会经济的可持续发展。要实现流域水资源的可持续利用 ,必须加快水污染综合治理。除陆域实施严格的达标治理、河网水质调控 ,农业面源及生活污水治理外 ,太湖湖体生态修复和富营养化治理已为当务之急。目前应尽早实施 :①太湖重污染区底泥的生态疏浚 ,减少底泥释放二次污染。②利用浮床陆生植物治理太湖典型富营养化水域 ,利用生物吸收、降解 ,继而富集营养盐 ,净化水质。③建立环湖湿地保护带。④恢复和重建湖滨带水生植被 ,实现长效生态管理和调控。⑤生态渔业工程 ,有效控制过度养殖 ,恢复湖泊生态良性循环。⑥藻类采集和资源化再利用。⑦强化流域     

The use of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios to identify landfill leachate contamination: Green Island Landfill, Dunedin, New Zealand

A study was undertaken to determine whether the isotopic ratios of C and N could be used to uniquely identify municipal solid waste landfill leachate as a source of contamination in the Kaikorai Estuary, Dunedin, New Zealand. Leachate samples were taken from the adjacent Green Island Landfill (GILF), and surface water samples were collected over an 8-month period from the stream and estuary, upstream and downstream of the landfill. Samples were analysed for delta(13)C-dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), delta(15)N-NO(3)(-), delta(15)N-NH(4)(+), and particulate organic matter (POM) delta(13)C and delta(15)N. Plant material collected along the Kaikorai Stream was analysed for POM delta(13)C and delta(15)N. Leachate was found to have a distinct isotopic signature characterised by a highly enriched delta(13)C-DIC (as much as 16.11+/-0.23 per thousand ) and highly enriched delta(15)N-NH(4)(+) (as much as 27.42+/-0.90 per thousand ). Evidence of leachate contamination was found in the isotopic signatures of downstream delta(13)C-DIC, delta(15)N-NH(4)(+), and delta(13)C and delta(15)N of plant material POM. Other potential sources of enriched delta(13)C-DIC and delta(15)N-NH(4)(+) present in the study area, such as estuarine waters and livestock effluent, were eliminated on the basis of their isotopic characteristics.     

Spatial variations of heavy metals contamination in sediments from Odiel river (Southwest Spain)

The presence of heavy metal concentrations was examined in surface sediments from 27 sites within the Odiel river in the southwest Spain suffering inputs from industrial and mining activities. The interest is specially focused on the final delta located in the Odiel Natural Park, which constitutes a feeding ground of international importance for migrating birds. The behavior of 10 heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Fe, Hg) is conditioned by chemical properties of sediments such as acidity and carbonate or the presence of sulfate Very acidic sediments in the medium course of river contribute to the lower presence of metal as a consequence of leaching process. However, tidal action raises the pH in the marshes of the delta with correlative metal accumulation. In accordance with the Müller [Umschan 79 (1979) 133-149] scale for geoaccumulation index, the entire watercourse could be considered polluted by Zn and Pb, while Cu exhibits a high presence in the delta marshes of the river.     

Dynamics of Habitat Distribution in Birds Differing in the Level of Site Tenacity

The dynamics of habitat distribution in two bird species differing in the level of site tenacity—willow warbler (relatively tenacious) and little bunting (more flexible)—were studied at the boundary of the northern taiga and forest–tundra zones over ten years. The distribution pattern proved to be more uniform in the willow warbler than in the little bunting. Both species occupied their habitats according to a well-known scheme: initially, the birds settled in their favorable floodplain habitats and later; when their abundance increased, in less preferable habitats (terraces above the floodplain, moss bogs, and the tundra). In the case of willow warbler, the process of occupying the floodplain was stepwise: bird density increased sharply, remained at the same level in the next year, then increased again, etc. In the case of little bunting, the degree of floodplain occupation by birds remained high, except for the years when high spring floods interfered with bird settling.     

Distribution of radionuclides among the main components of Lake Chervyanoe in the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace

Radioecological conditions have been estimated in Lake Chervyanoe located on the central axis of the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace (EURT) about 100–110 km northeast of the Mayak Production Association. Data on the ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs contents in the main components of the lake, the distribution of these radionuclides over the profile of bottom sediments, and their amounts in the lake are presented. The experimental data have been used to construct mathematical models for estimating changes in the radionuclide concentrations and amounts in the water and bottom sediments of the lake over a long period after the nuclear accident, as well as the tritium content of the lake water in different periods of time.     

Long-Term Dynamics of Winter Communities of Forest Birds in the Ilmen Nature Reserve

Quantitative data of winter bird censuses in forest habitats of the Ilmen Nature Reserve (1986–2010) have been analyzed with regard to changes in the monthly average, maximum, and minimum temperatures and precipitation in the period from December to February. No warming trend has been revealed in the reserve over the study period, The dynamics of bird population structure in winter has proved to be independent of weather conditions, despite significant interannual fluctuations. The most significant factors of long-term dynamics of abundance of wintering birds include population density in the previous nesting period, the seed yield of the main food plants, and local migration of wintering species.     

Isotope tracing of submarine groundwater discharge offshore Ubatuba, Brazil: results of the IAEA-UNESCO SGD project

Results of groundwater and seawater analyses for radioactive ((3)H, (222)Rn, (223)Ra, (224)Ra, (226)Ra, and (228)Ra) and stable (D and (18)O) isotopes are presented together with in situ spatial mapping and time series (222)Rn measurements in seawater, direct seepage measurements using manual and automated seepage meters, pore water investigations using different tracers and piezometric techniques, and geoelectric surveys probing the coast. This study represents first time that such a new complex arsenal of radioactive and non-radioactive tracer techniques and geophysical methods have been used for simultaneous submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) investigations. Large fluctuations of SGD fluxes were observed at sites situated only a few meters apart (from 0cmd(-1) to 360cmd(-1); the unit represents cm(3)/cm(2)/day), as well as during a few hours (from 0cmd(-1) to 110cmd(-1)), strongly depending on the tidal fluctuations. The average SGD flux estimated from continuous (222)Rn measurements is 17+/-10cmd(-1). Integrated coastal SGD flux estimated for the Ubatuba coast using radium isotopes is about 7x10(3)m(3)d(-1) per km of the coast. The isotopic composition (deltaD and delta(18)O) of submarine waters was characterised by significant variability and heavy isotope enrichment, indicating that the contribution of groundwater in submarine waters varied from a small percentage to 20%. However, this contribution with increasing offshore distance became negligible. Automated seepage meters and time series measurements of (222)Rn activity concentration showed a negative correlation between the SGD rates and tidal stage. This is likely caused by sea level changes as tidal effects induce variations of hydraulic gradients. The geoelectric probing and piezometric measurements contributed to better understanding of the spatial distribution of different water masses present along the coast. The radium isotope data showed scattered distributions with offshore distance, which imply that seawater in a complex coast with many small bays and islands was influenced by local currents and groundwater/seawater mixing. This has also been confirmed by a relatively short residence time of 1-2 weeks for water within 25km offshore, as obtained by short-lived radium isotopes. The irregular distribution of SGD seen at Ubatuba is a characteristic of fractured rock aquifers, fed by coastal groundwater and recirculated seawater with small admixtures of groundwater, which is of potential environmental concern and has implications on the management of freshwater resources in the region.     

长江大通站输沙量时间序列分析研究

长江来水来沙直接影响着河口三角洲的发育过程以至入海物质通量变化。大通站作为长江河口的第一个关键界面,有近50年左右的输沙量和流量连续观测资料（1953~2001年）。利用肯德尔、有序聚类和熵谱分析等方法,着重对输沙量时间序列进行了统计分析。大通站径流量在保持稳定的情势下,输沙量在过去49年中有明显的下降。输沙量变化主要呈跳跃式下降,同时表现出16年左右周期性阶梯下降规律,1968年和1984年分别为阶梯下降的跳跃点。尤其1984年后,年均输沙量比1984年前下降26.4％,且最大值未超过1984年前的平均值。输沙量减少与人类活动密切相关。20世纪80年代末的“长江上游水土保持重点防治工程”的实施,使长江上游的来沙减少,这是大通站输沙量减少的主要原因;其次是长江流域内水利工程的拦沙作用。     

1990~2013年来洞庭湖区鸟类生物多样性热点区时空动态及变动机理

评估与确定生物多样性分布格局与热点区是建立保护区、制定生物保护决策的基础。洞庭湖地区位处长江中游,是我国重要的淡水湖泊湿地生态系统,为中国乃至亚洲较大的鸟类越冬地之一。以洞庭湖地区14种Ⅰ、Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类为指示物种,基于1990~2013年间的多期遥感影像,运用物种生境分布MAXENT模型,选取地形、水系、植被、气候及人类干扰等共35个影响因子,对其进行生境适宜性评价及生物多样性热点区的筛选与制图,并对热点区时空动态特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）鸟类生物多样性热点区的分布范围呈现出组团状特征,1990~2013年来,热点区面积呈下降趋势;（2）鸟类栖息生境景观格局总体上趋于破碎,生境形状向简单且扁平化形态转变,生境格局呈复杂化;（3）经济与社会发展因素对研究区的鸟类生物多样性热点区变化影响显著,而自然因素产生的影响不明显。研究结果在制定区域生物多样性保护规划方案中可体现较好应用价值。     

Tissue radionuclide concentrations in water birds and upland birds on the Hanford Site (USA) from 1971-2009

Historical operations at the Hanford Site (Washington State, USA) have released a wide array of non-radionuclide and radionuclide contaminants into the environment. As a result, there is a need to characterize contaminant effects on site biota. Within this framework, the main purpose of our study was to evaluate radionuclide concentrations in bird tissue, obtained from the Hanford Environmental Information System (HEIS). The database was sorted by avian group (water bird vs. upland bird), radionuclide (over 20 analytes), tissue (muscle, bone, liver), location (onsite vs. offsite), and time period (1971-1990 vs. 1991-2009). Onsite median concentrations in water birds were significantly higher (Bonferroni P < 0.05) than those in onsite upland birds for Cs-137 in muscle (1971-1990) and Sr-90 in bone (1991-2009), perhaps due to behavioral, habitat, or trophic species differences. Onsite median concentrations in water birds were higher (borderline significance with Bonferroni P = 0.05) than those in offsite birds for Cs-137 in muscle (1971-1990). Onsite median concentrations in the earlier time period were significantly higher (Bonferroni P < 0.05) than those in the later time period for Co-60, Cs-137, Eu-152, and Sr-90 in water bird muscle and for Cs-137 in upland bird muscle tissue. Median concentrations of Sr-90 in bone were significantly higher (Bonferroni P < 0.05) than those in muscle for both avian groups and both locations. Over the time period, 1971-2009, onsite median internal dose was estimated for each radionuclide in water bird and upland bird tissues. However, a meaningful dose comparison between bird groups was not possible, due to a dissimilar radionuclide inventory, mismatch of time periods for input radionuclides, and lack of an external dose estimate. Despite these limitations, our results contribute toward ongoing efforts to characterize ecological risk at the Hanford Site.     

长江上游向家坝库区鸟类多样性研究及生境价值评估

2011年利用样线法对长江上游向家坝库区夏、秋季鸟类进行了实地考察，共记录110种鸟类，隶属15目39科。通过5个调查点、2个对照点不同生境鸟类的多样性研究发现：（1）夏、秋季库区不同生境鸟类的Shannon Wiener 指数较低，几乎均未超过1.5，鸟类物种多样性相对贫乏；（2）库区各生境鸟类Pielou指数均超过了0.75，说明库区环境虽以人工植被为主，但并不单调；（3）阶地疏林灌丛、竹林与常绿落叶阔叶混交林的鸟类相似性差异最小〖JP2〗，而二者与芦苇、荩草丛滩地的差异最大，库区鸟类在不同生境中的分布存在着显著不同。在上述研究的基础上，从物种多样性和河流景观保护的角度，对库区鸟类的不同生境类型进行多要素综合分析，结果显示: 山地森林生境的物种多样性相对丰富，生态价值最高，而河滩和阶地疏林灌丛、竹林生境具备一定的景观特色,也有相当的生态价值     

堑秋湖渔业模式对鄱阳湖南矶湿地越冬候鸟种群数量的影响和保育对策

鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖、国际重要湿地。“堑秋湖”是当地老百姓根据鄱阳湖夏涨秋落的规律,在湖底低洼处堑壕沟、围矮堤,以便在秋季退水时截留更多的鱼和水,最后将鱼类资源一网打尽的渔业方式;也是长江流域中下游湖区以及鄱阳湖流域老百姓利用季节性浅水蝶形湖泊中渔业资源最主要的捕鱼和管理方式。采用PRA方法对江西鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区“堑秋湖”历史及现状进行问卷调查,采用样线样点结合方法对越冬候鸟种群数量进行调查分析。研究表明：鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区拥有蝶形湖泊26个,均已承包给个人管理并存在养鱼虾蟹等行为,为典型的“堑秋湖”渔业模式;不同月份越冬候鸟数量变化呈“M”型,不同样线候鸟数量差异较大,而候鸟种类在月份和样线方面差异不大;“堑秋湖”渔业模式对鄱阳湖越冬候鸟的种群数量、分布及栖息地生态功能的发挥存在明显正负面影响。对于建立经济社会可持续发展的“堑秋湖”经营模式进行了探讨,提出了有利于越冬候鸟栖息的保育对策     

Is shrimp farming a successful adaptation to salinity intrusion? A geospatial associative analysis of poverty in the populous Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna Delta of Bangladesh

The Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna delta of Bangladesh is one of the most populous deltas in the world, supporting as many as 140 million people. The delta is threatened by diverse environmental stressors including salinity intrusion, with adverse consequences for livelihood and health. Shrimp farming is recognised as one of the few economic adaptations to the impacts of the rapidly salinizing delta. Although salinity intrusion and shrimp farming are geographically co-located in the delta, there has been no systematic study to examine their geospatial associations with poverty. In this study, we use multiple data sources including Census, Landsat Satellite Imagery and soil salinity survey data to examine the extent of geospatial clustering of poverty within the delta and their associative relationships with salinity intensity and shrimp farming. The analysis was conducted at the union level, which is the lowest local government administrative unit in Bangladesh. The findings show a strong clustering of poverty in the delta, and whilst different intensities of salinization are significantly associated with increasing poverty, neither saline nor freshwater shrimp farming has a significant association with poverty. These findings suggest that whilst shrimp farming may produce economic growth, in its present form it has not been an effective adaptation for the poor and marginalised areas of the delta. The study demonstrates that there are a series of drivers of poverty in the delta, including salinization, water logging, wetland/mudflats, employment, education and access to roads, amongst others that are discernible spatially, indicating that poverty alleviation programmes in the delta require strengthening with area-specific targeted interventions.     

Ecological aspects of larval drift in coregonids with long migration routes

Downstream migration (larval drift) of coregonids in the lower reaches of the Severnaya Sos??va River (the largest spawning tributary of the Lower Ob) has been analyzed from ecological aspects such as the long-term, seasonal, and daily dynamics and the spatial distribution, growth, and feeding of larvae in the current. Considerable changes in the abundance of coregonid generations have been revealed. It is shown that downstream larval migration over a long route has a number of features distinguishing it from that at spawning grounds. In particular, mass migration takes place after the ice drift, and its intensity is independent of changes in flow discharge. The drifting larvae display species-specific distribution in the current, and their density is the lowest in the surface water layer. In the course of migration, their linear body growth is accompanied by considerable depletion of endogenous food reserves and transition to active feeding.