Stable nitrogen isotope ratio in wood substrates and xylotrophic fungi in forest ecosystems of Western Siberia

It has been shown that wood substrates are the main source of nitrogen for xylotrophic fungi, which have almost the same isotopic signature as their substrate. This fact and a strong positive correlation in nitrogen isotope composition between the substrates and fungi provide evidence for a closed type of nitrogen turnover in the wood-fungus system that is based on retention and repeated utilization of this element. Its isotope composition in the fungi depends on that in the substrate, which is enriched in the heavy isotope in deciduous wood and in the light isotope in coniferous wood. The nitrogen isotope composition in the fungi and wood substrates does not depend on the degree of wood mineralization or climatic conditions, and δ¹⁵N is not an indicator of fungal physiological activity or wood decomposition rate but rather a marker of the isotopic composition of nitrogen sources for the fungi.     

贡嘎山亚高山降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源研究

为揭示青藏高原东南缘贡嘎山地区的大气降水稳定同位素特征和水汽来源,利用贡嘎山东坡亚高山地区2012年5月至10月实测的大气降水稳定氢氧同位素和气象资料,分析了贡嘎山地区的降水线特征、降水稳定氢氧同位素时空分异特征及其与气候因子之间的关系和氘盈余特征,并运用HYSPLIT模型探讨了该区的水汽来源特点。结果表明:贡嘎山亚高山地区大气降水线方程为δD=9.401 9×δ¹⁸O+28.530 3(‰)(R²=0.983 3,p < 0.001),反映了该区湿润、多雨、气温较低的气候特点;该区大气降水稳定氢氧同位素季节变化明显,雨季先降低后升高;降水中氢氧同位素的高程效应显著且存在季节差异;降水稳定氢氧同位素受温度、降水气象因子影响较大,降水量效应显著并且与温度存在负相关关系;后向轨迹模型模拟结合同位素特征分析表明该地区雨季水汽来源较为复杂,主要有西风输送、东部季风和局地水汽内循环3个来源。研究结果可为区域水汽循环和降水特征提供科学依据。     

Effects of environmental factors and species identity on oxygen and carbon isotope composition of teeth in recent small mammals of the Urals

The variation of carbon and oxygen isotope composition in the carbonate group of carbonated hydroxyapatite from the incisor teeth has been studies in six recent rodent species trapped in different latitudinal regions of the Urals. Specific features of variation in the carbon and oxygen isotope ratios are discussed in dependence of animal’s species identity, typical environment, mode of life, dietary features, and ambient air temperature.     

Risk Assessment of Carbon Sequestration for Terrestrial Ecosystems in China

Climate change will alter the capacity of carbon sequestration,and the risk assessment of carbon sequestration for terrestrial ecosystems will be helpful to the decision-making for climate change countermeasures and international climate negotiations.Based on the net ecosystem productivity of terrestrial ecosystems simulated by Atmosphere Vegetation Integrated Model,each grid of the risk criterion was set by time series trend analysis.Then the risks of carbon sequestration of terrestrial ecosystems were investigated.The results show that,in the IPCCSRES-B2 climate scenario,climate change will bring risks of carbon sequestration,and the high-risk level will dominate terrestrial ecosystems.The risk would expand with the increase of warming degree.By the end of the long-term of this century,about 60% of the whole country will face the risk;Northwest China,mountainous areas in Northeast China,middle and lower reaches plain of Yangtze River areas,Southwest China and Southeast China tend to be extremely vulnerable.Risk levels in most regions are likely to grow with the increase of warming degree,and this increase will mainly occur during the near-term to mid-term.Northwest China will become an area of high risks,and deciduous coniferous forests,temperate mixed forests and desert grassland tend to be extremely vulnerable.     

Small mammal communities in forest ecosystems affected by urbanization

A set of characters has been used to evaluate transformations in forest phytocenoses and their small mammal communities affected by urbanization, compared to conditionally undisturbed phytocenoses (communities). In park forests of the city of Yekaterinburg, the understory and subordinate shrub and herb-dwarf shrub layers of phytocenosis are transformed to a greater extent. The undergrowth of conifer forestforming species is as a rule sparse or absent, and that of deciduous trees often consists mainly of invasive species. Small mammal communities in pine forests transformed under the effect of urbanization also undergo changes leading to the formation of relatively stable (for an urbanized environment) zoocenoses differing both in species composition and in parameters characterizing community diversity.     

Risk Assessment of Carbon Sequestration for Terrestrial Ecosystems in China

Abstract

Climate change will alter the capacity of carbon sequestration, and the risk assessment of carbon sequestration for terrestrial ecosystems will be helpful to the decision-making for climate change countermeasures and international climate negotiations. Based on the net ecosystem productivity of terrestrial ecosystems simulated by Atmosphere Vegetation Integrated Model, each grid of the risk criterion was set by time series trend analysis. Then the risks of carbon sequestration of terrestrial ecosystems were investigated. The results show that, in the IPCCSRES-B2 climate scenario, climate change will bring risks of carbon sequestration, and the high-risk level will dominate terrestrial ecosystems. The risk would expand with the increase of warming degree. By the end of the long-term of this century, about 60% of the whole country will face the risk; Northwest China, mountainous areas in Northeast China, middle and lower reaches plain of Yangtze River areas, Southwest China and Southeast China tend to be extremely vulnerable. Risk levels in most regions are likely to grow with the increase of warming degree, and this increase will mainly occur during the near-term to mid-term. Northwest China will become an area of high risks, and deciduous coniferous forests, temperate mixed forests and desert grassland tend to be extremely vulnerable.     

西南水汽通道上昆明站降水中的稳定同位素

位于西南水汽通道上的昆明站降水中的稳定同位素比率具有显著的季节变化。旱季(11~4月)降水中平均δ18O明显高于雨季(5~10月)。显著的降水量效应说明昆明站降水的水汽主要来源于低纬度海洋。与全球大气水线相比,昆明站大气水线的斜率和常数项均较小。这与雨滴在未饱和大气中降落时重同位素的蒸发富集作用有关。统计分析显示,近地面温度露点差ΔTd与降水中稳定同位素比率存在显著的正相关关系。在旱季,受大陆性气团的影响,空气干燥,降水量小,大气中ΔTd大,因此蒸发强,重同位素的富集作用强,从而降水中稳定同位素比率高;在雨季,受来自海洋水汽的影响,空气湿润,降水量大,大气中ΔTd小,因此蒸发弱,重同位素的富集作用轻,从而降水中稳定同位素比率低。据此推测,降水量效应可能是不同水汽来源对降水中稳定同位素影响的产物。     

唐家河保护区主要植被类型景观格局的梯度分析

在遥感图像基础上，利用GIS技术从景观指数方面定量分析了唐家河自然保护区主要植被类型在东西、南北和西北至东南3个方向上的梯度变化。结果表明：次生落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、针阔叶混交林与针叶林的梯度变化明显，并且在各方向上具有不同的变化特征。其中，常绿落叶阔叶混交林从西北至东南方向的梯度变化最为复杂， 斑块数量与面积分别呈“升—降—升—降”与“升—降—升”的波动变化趋势，而边界密度与平均最近距离呈先升后降的变化趋势，两端破碎度高但连接性好，中部相反。针叶林从北至南的梯度变化最为简单，斑块面积减少，破碎度与复杂度降低，南北两端分布较多，中部较少。唐家河自然保护区植被景观格局在不同方向上的梯度变化研究为地震后该地区的植被保护与管理提供重要指导意义。     

稳定同位素识别水体硝酸盐污染来源的研究进展

水体硝酸盐污染已经成为一个世界性的水质问题。为了确保供水安全和有效治理水环境中硝酸盐污染,准确识别水体中硝酸盐的污染来源显得尤为重要。近年来,硝酸盐稳定氮(δ15 N)和氧(δ18 O)同位素示踪技术被广泛用于识别水环境中硝酸盐的污染来源。然而,水环境中硝酸盐污染来源的复杂性和同位素分馏的影响,致使该项技术的应用存在一定的局限性。概括了硝酸盐中的δ15 N和δ18 O的典型值域范围,阐述了多种同位素技术联合识别水体中硝酸盐污染来源的方法以及应用模型定量解析硝酸盐污染源贡献率,最后,对该领域未来的发展方向进行了阐述。     

基于MODIS数据的安徽省植被水分利用效率时空变化及影响因素

水分利用效率是衡量生态系统碳水循环耦合程度的重要指标。基于MODIS数据、土地覆盖类型数据和气象数据，估算安徽省植被水分利用效率(WUE），采用趋势分析法和相关分析法对安徽省2000~2014年植被WUE的时空格局、变化趋势及影响因素进行研究。研究表明:（1）不同植被类型的WUE年均值差异明显，常绿阔叶林和常绿针叶林的WUE均值较高，分别达到1.66和1.69 gC?mm-1?m-2，而耕地的年均WUE最低，各植被类型的年均WUE按照“常绿针叶林>常绿阔叶林>灌木>草地>落叶阔叶林>针阔混交林>耕地”的顺序递减。植被年均WUE具有较强的空间分异性规律，整体上呈现南北高中间低的趋势，植被WUE的高值区主要分布在大别山区和皖南山区，分布范围与常绿针叶林、常绿阔叶林的分布范围基本一致。（2）安徽省2000~2014年植被WUE年内变化呈现出“增加-减小-增加-减小”的M状“双峰型”趋势，具有明显的季节差异，呈现出春季＞秋季＞夏季＞冬季的特征，各季节植被WUE的均值分别占植被WUE的32.58%、24.91%、29.27%、13.24%。（3）安徽省植被WUE动态变化受到降水影响显著的区域占比3.88%；气温显著影响的区域占比2.19%；降水显著影响的地区主要分布在林地范围内，温度显著影响的地区则位于耕地范围内，降水和气温综合显著影响所占面积最小，为0.11%；而植被WUE受气温和降水影响均不显著占比为93.82%；整体上，安徽省大部分地区的植被WUE变化主要受非气候因素影响。     

运用碳氮稳定同位素技术探究中华绒螯蟹与无齿螳臂相手蟹的营养生态位特征

为进一步保护中华绒螯蟹栖息地和种质资源，科学评估长江蟹类的营养关系及资源的可持续开发利用，运用稳定同位素技术分析了在长江靖江、新开沙及狼山沙3个采集区域的中华绒螯蟹和无齿螳臂相手蟹的稳定同位素特征，并根据δ13C、δ15N值分析二者的生态宽幅及营养生态位面积。结果表明：中华绒螯蟹与无齿螳臂相手蟹的δ13C、δ15N值差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。中华绒螯蟹的δ13C值频率分布相对集中在-25.00‰~-23.00‰；无齿螳臂相手蟹的δ13C值频率分布相对集中在-26.00‰~-24.00‰，表明两种蟹均对某种饵料生物有所偏好，且中华绒螯蟹的δ13C值频率分布范围大于无齿螳臂相手蟹，表明其食物来源更广。中华绒螯蟹与无齿螳臂相手蟹的营养生态位存在重叠，表明二者存在饵料竞争关系。其中靖江江段两种蟹的营养生态位重叠程度最大，表明二者在靖江江段食物竞争最激烈。中华绒螯蟹的δ13C值变幅(CR)、δ15N值变幅(NR)及营养生态位总面积(Ta)均大于无齿螳臂相手蟹，说明中华绒螯蟹对于饵料资源的竞争能力更强。     

Ecological state of peat plateaus in northeastern European Russia

An integrated assessment of the ecological state and stability of permafrost peat plateaus in northeastern European Russia has been performed with regard to current climate changes. Analytical studies have revealed heterogeneity in the composition and properties of peat organic matter in active and permafrost layers. Permafrost organic matter in peatlands is relatively undecomposed, and, theoretically, its rapid mineralization can begin upon peat thawing. Organic carbon in peatlands has not been frozen or conserved during about 64–78% of their total lifetime; therefore, it is the existence of anaerobic conditions (rather than of permafrost) that has been the most important factor for peat accumulation. Current degradation of permafrost peat plateaus is caused mainly by wind and thermal erosion but practically does not lead to the development of thermokarst. Regardless of current climate warming, peat plateaus under natural conditions (not altered by human activities) are stable ecological systems.     

庐山不同森林植被类型土壤特性及其健康评价

土壤作为森林生态系统的一个重要因子,评价森林土壤健康状况对森林健康的维护经营以及森林系统功能的发挥具有重要意义。在系统调查和分析庐山8种森林植被类型土壤特性的基础上,评价指标分别从物种多样性以及不同的森林土壤特性中进行筛选,包括物种多样性系数、枯落物层厚度、腐殖质层厚度、土层厚度、容重、粘粒含量、有机质、p H值、阳离子交换量、全氮、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾、磷酸酶活性等指标,基于SPSS19.0软件对所获得数据进行差异性检验和相关分析,确定各项指标的权重,应用合适的土壤健康评分函数,将测得的指标值转换为对应指标的分值,最后通过加权综合法,计算其土壤健康指数,并对不同森林植被类型土壤健康状况进行评价。结果表明,8种森林植被类型下最终的土壤健康指数大小排序为:针阔混交林(0.78)常-落混交林(0.72)灌丛(0.69)常绿阔叶林(0.67)落叶阔叶林(0.64)竹林(0.59)马尾松林(0.53)黄山松林(0.46)。     

唐家河保护区主要植被类型景观格局的梯度分析

在遥感图像基础上，利用GIS技术从景观指数方面定量分析了唐家河自然保护区主要植被类型在东西、南北和西北至东南3个方向上的梯度变化。结果表明：次生落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、针阔叶混交林与针叶林的梯度变化明显，并且在各方向上具有不同的变化特征。其中，常绿落叶阔叶混交林从西北至东南方向的梯度变化最为复杂， 斑块数量与面积分别呈“升-降-升-降”与“升-降-升”的波动变化趋势，而边界密度与平均最近距离呈先升后降的变化趋势，两端破碎度高但连接性好，中部相反。针叶林从北至南的梯度变化最为简单，斑块面积减少，破碎度与复杂度降低，南北两端分布较多，中部较少。唐家河自然保护区植被景观格局在不同方向上的梯度变化研究为地震后该地区的植被保护与管理提供重要指导意义。     

赣江河岸带植被的数量分析

河岸带是河流-陆地生态系统的重要生态交错带，具有独特的生态系统结构和功能。基于植物群落的野外标准样方调查，采用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析(DCA)的多元分析方法，对赣江河岸带植物群落进行数量分类与排序。TWINSPAN将所调查的109个样方分为7组。DCA排序将TWINSPAN分成7组的第1和2组合成了一个植被类型，其余类型与TWINSPAN分类的结果比较一致。结合分类与排序结果，可将赣江河岸带植被分为6个植被类型：河岸带草丛、河岸落叶阔叶群落、河漫滩草甸、河岸常绿阔叶林、河岸针阔混交林、岗地马尾松林，这6个植被类型在赣江河岸带有明显的分布格局。赣江河岸带植被为典型的隐域性植被，然而其物种组成又兼具中亚热带常绿阔叶林地带的烙印。受人为活动影响，河岸带植被结构及其功能均发生退化。因此，亟需加强河岸带恢复重建和生态系统管理     

228Ra/226Ra/224Ra and 87Sr/86Sr isotope relationships for determining interactions between ground and river water in the upper Rhine valley

Ground and river waters of the upper Rhine valley (Alsace, France) were investigated for chemical composition of the major elements, Sr isotopes and radionuclides from the U and Th series. In particular, the isotope ratios and concentrations of Ra and Sr were used as geochemical tracers to distinguish between different types of water and their interactions. The bulk chemical analyses suggest that the surface waters in the Rhine valley can be described as mixtures between Ca-Na-HCO3-rich ground water and less mineralized slightly acidic river waters which have migrated through crystalline (mainly granitic) basement rocks of the Vosges mountains. Mixing of these waters yields positive correlation between bulk Sr, U, Ca and HCO3, indicating that carbonate-rich sediments are the main source of U and (non-radiogenic) Sr in the Rhine valley aquifers. The combination of the Ra and Sr isotope systems (228Ra/226Ra, 87Sr/86Sr) shows, however, that probably three sources contribute to the surface river waters in the upper Rhine valley, i.e. (i) a highly radiogenic crystalline component, (ii) a ground water source and, (iii) a third component from infiltrating Rhine water along the flow path of the parallel running river Ill in the northerly direction. The Sr and Ra isotope systems were also used to calculate small-scale mixing fractions of tributaries along the flow path of the Ill. Mixing ratios of non-pure end-member waters were determined using three isotope diagrams (i.e. 224Ra/226Ra vs. 228Ra/226Ra) and the results obtained with the Ra isotope system were found to be consistent with the data using Sr isotope relationships (i.e. 87Sr/86Sr vs. 1/Sr).     

基于C5.0决策树和时序HJ-1A/B CCD数据的神农架林区植被分类

我国神农架林区海拔高、气候复杂,森林类型多样,结构破碎,森林遥感分类难度较大。将2013年时间序列HJ-1A/B CCD遥感影像作为数据源,计算出植被指数(NDVI、DVI、RVI)和主成分第一分量(PC1),使用DEM数据生成地形因子(高程、坡度、坡向),构建植被分类时序因子集。运用C5.0决策树分类法将神农架林区植被细分为七类:针叶林;针阔混交林;落叶阔叶林;常绿和落叶阔叶混交林;常绿阔叶林;灌丛和草甸。结果表明:该方法的总体精度为72.7%,Kappa系数为0.67;在6~8月,针叶林、草甸和灌丛的植被指数明显低于常绿阔叶林、常绿和落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林,对分类的贡献较大,称为植被分类的"窗口期"。PC1、NDVI和高程因子对神农架林地的区分度较高,而坡度、坡向和RVI因子对分类帮助不大。作为一种智能分类方法,C5.0决策树分类方法应用于30m分辨率的时间序列HJ-1A/B CCD数据,能够将地貌复杂的神农架林区植被分为七类,提高了类别精度,具有更高的应用价值。     

上海外环绿地闵行段不同植被类型下土壤有害动物的群落结构

为探讨上海闵行段外环绿地不同植被类型下土壤有害动物的群落组成、群落多样性及其与理化因子的关系，于2008年11月至2009年7月，对上海闵行段外环绿地6个样地的土壤动物群落按凋落物层和0～15 cm土层按季节进行调查研究。共获得土壤有害动物共359只，隶属于昆虫纲8目23科。其中凋落物层共获得土壤动物242只，隶属7目19科，优势类群为蚁科、管蓟马科和蚧科幼虫，真土层共获得土壤有害动物117只，隶属于4目8科，优势类群为蚁科。相对于常绿阔叶林和落叶针叶林，落叶阔叶林表现出较高的类群数、密度以及群落多样性。各样地pH和总氮均存在显著差异，土壤有害动物主要类群的密度多与总氮和总磷含量相关（〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<005）。〖     

长沙大气水线及与局地气象要素的关系

基于2010年1月1日至2012年12月31日长沙降水事件同位素资料，计算了长沙不同季节的大气水线，同时结合广州降水事件同位素资料，分析了影响大气水线的局地因素。研究发现：（1）长沙全年大气水线为δD=857×δ18O+1855，它与我国东部季风区尤其是南方多地的大气水线非常接近。夏季大气水线很可能受西南季风和东南季风输送不同水汽的影响而斜率小于8；（2）与以前的研究结果不同，长沙、广州两地降水量与大气水线的关系均表明降水量与大气水线并不存在必然联系。气温、湿度对大气水线的影响也并非依照它们对分馏效应比的作用结果，这表明影响大气水线的因素是复杂的；（3）降雨、降雪的大气水线存在差异不能简单归因于降雨过程中同位素云下二次蒸发引起的同位素分馏比降雪明显，还需考虑液-汽、固-汽相变过程中，分别对应的凝结、凝华产生的分馏效应比差异     

Photochemical smog effects in mixed conifer forests along a natural gradient of ozone and nitrogen deposition in the San Bernardino Mountains

Toxic effects of photochemical smog on ponderosa and Jeffrey pines in the San Bernardino Mountains were discovered in the 1950s. It was revealed that ozone is the main cause of foliar injury manifested as chlorotic mottle and premature needle senescence. Various morphological, physiological and biochemical alterations in the affected plants have been reported over a period of about 40 years of multidisciplinary research. Recently, the focus of research has shifted from studying the effects of ozone to multiple pollutant effects. Recent studies have indicated that the combination of ozone and nitrogen may alter biomass allocation in pines towards that of deciduous trees, accelerate litter accumulation, and increase carbon sequestration rates in heavily polluted forests. Further study of the effects of multiple pollutants, and their long-term consequences on the mixed conifer ecosystem, cannot be adequately done using the original San Bernardino Mountains Air Pollution Gradient network. To correct deficiencies in the design, the new site network is being configured for long-term studies on multiple air pollutant concentrations and deposition, physiological and biochemical changes in trees, growth and composition of over-story species, biogeochemical cycling including carbon cycling and sequestration, water quality, and biodiversity of forest ecosystems. Eleven sites have been re-established. A comparison of 1974 stand composition with data from 2000 stand composition indicate that significant changes in species composition have occurred at some sites with less change at other sites. Moist, high-pollution sites have experienced the greatest amount of forest change, while dryer low-pollution sites have experienced the least amount of stand change. In general, ponderosa pine had the lowest basal area increases and the highest mortality across the San Bernardino Mountains.