Alcaligenessp.YF11菌杀灭菊酯的降解机理

测定了降解菌Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓｓｐ．ＹＦ１１对不同浓度杀灭菊酯的降解及其降解途径。在纯培养系统中,Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓｓｐ．ＹＦ１１对１００ｍｇ／Ｌ的杀灭菊 降解符合零级动力学特征。     

高效阿特拉津降解菌株DNSIO降解条件优化

从长期施用阿特拉津的寒地黑土耕层（0～10cm）土壤中筛选到一株能以除草剂阿特拉津为氮源生长的降解菌株，结合16SrRNA序列分析结果，将该菌株命名为Arthrobacter sp．DNSl0。在接种量为10。CFU／mL的条件下，菌株DNSl0在24h内对100mg／L阿特拉津的降解率为99．41％。单因子实验结果表明，菌株DNSl0适宜生长和降解的条件范围是：温度25～35＇12，pH值5．0～8．0，培养液盐度0．1％～2％，对阿特拉津最大耐受浓度可达1200mg／L。正交实验法进一步表明，该菌株保持较好生长及降解能力的最优方案是温度30℃，pH值7．5，培养液盐度0．5％。影响其降解能力的环境因素的主次顺序依次是：温度〉盐度〉pH值。     

可见光下H2La2Ti3O10／TiO2光催化降解有机染料的研究

通过固相反应、离子交换、粒子插入等一系列反应合成一种层状纳米光催化复合材料H2La2Ti3O10／TiO2。可见光照射下，对选定的染料模型——甲基橙溶液(20mg／L)、汽巴克隆黄(100mg／L)、依利尼尔红(100mg／L)溶液做光降解实验。结果表明，在可见光照射下，H2La2Ti3O10／TiO2均能对溶液中甲基橙、汽巴克隆黄、依利尼尔红有效降解，光照30min后，其对溶液中甲基橙、汽巴克隆黄、依利尼尔红的降解率分别可达60．4％、60．7％和72．0％，而标准TiO2(P-25)仅为6．2％、10．6％和12．3％。     

氐温喹啉降解菌的筛选及降解性能

从吉林石化污水处理厂的活性污泥中驯化、筛选获得一株降解效率高且生长速率快高效耐冷菌，命名为WS-5。该菌能以喹啉作为惟一的碳源、氮源及能源。结合菌体的形态观察、生理生化特性实验及16SrDNA序列同源性对比分析，鉴定菌株WS-5为恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonasputida）。不同降解条件下的实验结果表明，菌株WS-5的最佳降解条件是投菌量为15％，pH值范围在8～10，摇床转速为100r／min。最佳降解环境下对200mg／L的喹啉在132h降解率达到了85．3％。菌株WS-5对初始喹啉浓度为50、100、200和300mg／L的初始喹啉浓度分别在36、72、192和262h内完全降解。这将为今后在低温条件下处理含喹啉废水提供技术指导。     

氯菊酯的酶促降解

从降解氯菊酯的分离株ＹＦ１１提取降解酶并测定了对氯菊酯的降解特性，降解酶在３２．５℃，ｐＨ９．０时对氯菊酯显示最大的降解活性，其每毫克蛋白质最大降解速率为２０．８ｎｍｏｌ／ｍｉｎ，米氏常数为５．２ｎｍｏｌ／ｍＬ。     

甲醛降解菌的筛选及降解特性研究

从采集活性污泥中筛选得到1株具有高效降解甲醛能力的菌株并命名为JQ-1，根据其形态特征，初步判断菌株JQ-1属假单胞菌属。同时对菌株JQ-1的生长特性及降解特性进行了初步研究。实验结果表明，该菌株降解甲醛的最适条件为：甲醛废水浓度为50mg／L，pH值为6，培养温度为25℃，摇床转速为150r／min。在最适条件下，菌株JQ-1具有较强的降解甲醛能力，当甲醛废水浓度为50mg／L时，在24h内甲醛降解率可达87％以上。     

低频超声辐照降解间苯二酚水溶液的研究

利用低频超声波对模拟间苯二酚废水进行研究，主要讨论间苯二酚本身性质以及超声操作声强对降解的影响，并通过自由基清除剂实验判定该反应的反应类型。结果表明，间苯二酚本身性质以及超声声强对间苯二酚的超声降解影响都比较大，并且该超声降解反应过程以自由基氧化反应为主，同时该反应遵循表观一级动力学反应特征。初始浓度为200mg／L的间苯二酚反应液经强度0．4W／cm^２的超声波辐照4h后，降解率为48．6％。     

Fe（Ⅱ）EDTA／H2O2电催化降解甲基橙模拟废水的研究

在无隔膜电解槽中，采用SPR（Ru—Ir—TiO2）为阳极，石墨为阴极，考察了Fe（Ⅱ）EDTA／H2O2电催化降解甲基橙（methylorange）模拟废水的影响，发现EDTA很大程度上促进了类电Fenton试剂对甲基橙模拟废水的降解。实验研究表明，在外加电压为5．0V，EDTA：Fe2＋=2：1（摩尔比，Fe2＋=40mmol／L），H202=48mmot／L，电解质Na2SO4=40mmol／L，废水pH值为（6．5±0．1）的条件下，降解260mg／L的甲基橙模拟废水90min，EDTA的加入可以使甲基橙模拟废水的脱色率由29．5％上升到78．4％，COD由571．429mg／L降至80mg／L，COD的降解率为86％，EDTA在此过程中既是催化剂又是反应物，可有效避免EDTA带来二次环境污染的可能性。     

氯氰菊酯的酶促降解研究

从氯氰菊酯高效降解真菌镰孢霉属（Fusarium）菌株TS-203中提取了降解酶，研究了降解酶对氯氰菊酯的降解特性。结果表明，胞内酶对氯氰菊酯的降解率高达59．8％，细胞碎片对氯氰菊酯的降解率为47．6％，而由（NH。）：sO。沉淀法提取到的胞外酶对氯氰菊酯的降解率仅为10．3％，由此确定菌株TS-203产生的降解酶为胞内酶。以牛血清白蛋白为标准蛋白测得胞内粗酶液中可溶性蛋白质含量为3．24mg／mL；该酶对氯氰菊酯酶促降解的最适pH为7．0，最适温度为30℃，降解酶的米氏常数K。为6．8120×10^-4mmol／mL，最大反应速度Vmax为1．1799×10^-4mmol／min。研究结果表明，该酶具有较好的热稳定性和pH稳定性，对热和pH均具有较好的耐受力，对氯氰菊酯降解效果较好。     

高压电弧放电处理偶氮染料废水

用高压电弧放电产生的低温等离子体对含偶氮染料的废水进行了处理，以甲基橙为例研究了电压幅值、处理时间、溶液初始浓度、溶液初始pH值、投加Fe^2＋和Fe^3＋对染料脱色的影响。实验结果表明，甲基橙浓度为50mg／L时其降解率随时间和电压幅值的增加而增加。溶液初始浓度对染料去除效果影响较为明显，同等条件下初始浓度越低降解率越高。酸性条件下有利于低温等离子体处理甲基橙。Fe^2＋和Fe^3＋对低温等离子体降解甲基橙有一定的催化作用。电压8kV处理3min，Fe^2＋为20mg／L时去除率由89．64％增至99．72％。Fe2（SO4），的最佳投加量为5mg／L（以Fe^3＋计），而FeCl，的最佳投加量为80mg／L（以Fe^3＋计）。     

异养硝化细菌Alcaligenes sp.S3除氮特性及动力学

从湘江生活污水排污口分离纯化的一株菌Alcaligenes sp.S3,在氨氮浓度为400 mg/L时,经过192 h的降解,氨氮的去除率达到88%,并且NH2OH和NO2--N并没出现积累。在对不同浓度的氨氮进行一级动力学拟合时发现,只有氨氮浓度较高时才很好地符合,浓度为500 mg/L时R2达到0.9923。酸性环境对Alcaligenes sp.S3生长有抑制作用,在pH7.5～10生长较好。摇床转速对Alcaligenes sp.S3除氮影响不大,C/N过低或过高对Alcaligenes sp.S3除氮都有影响。     

1,1-二氯乙烯降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性

从好氧活性污泥中分离得到一株能以1,1-二氯乙烯(1,1-DCE)作为惟一碳源和能源生长的革兰氏阴性菌株D-B,经鉴定属于产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenessp.)。当维持菌株D-B浓度一定时,1,1-DCE的去除率随着1,1-DCE浓度的增大先增加后降低,且降解过程主要发生在加入1,1-DCE后的3~5 h内。当1,1-DCE的初始浓度为300μg/L时去除率达到最大值85.32%。菌株D-B对1,1-DCE的降解符合Monod方程,饱和常数Ks=21.96 mg/L,1,1-DCE的最大比基质降解速率Vmax=50.76 mg/(L.h)。     

金属纳米材料在厌氧条件下对脱氮副球菌反硝化作用的影响

以脱氮副球菌YF1为实验菌株,研究纳米Fe0和纳米Fe/Ni 2种金属纳米材料对菌体生长及其反硝化作用的影响。实验结果表明:添加纳米材料到反应体系中会降低实验菌株的生长量和生物反硝化作用,纳米Fe/Ni对实验菌株的毒性比纳米Fe0大。在含硝态氮初始浓度为100 mg/L的反硝化培养基中接种脱氮副球菌,于30℃培养20 h,脱氮率为89.47%,而菌+1 000 mg/L纳米Fe/Ni的体系脱氮率仅为64.33%;菌+1 000 mg/L纳米Fe0体系的脱氮率为76.36%。不同体系的反硝化过程均可采用零级动力学模型进行拟合(相关系数R2>0.92)。这2种金属纳米材料对实验菌株的生长量及其反硝化作用的影响程度,与体系的pH和温度有较大关系。     

Isolation and characterization of an Alcaligenes sp. strain DG-5 capable of degrading DDTs under aerobic conditions

In this study, an Alcaligenes sp. strain DG-5 that can effectively degrade dichlorodiphenyltrichloro-ethanes (DDTs) under aerobic conditions was isolated from DDTs-contaminated sediment. Various factors that affect the biodegradation of DDTs by DG-5 were investigated. About 88 %, 65 % and 45 % of the total DDTs were consumed within 120 h when their initial concentrations were 0.5, 5 and 15 mg L?1, respectively. However, almost no degradation was observed when their concentration was increased to 30 mg L?1, but the addition of nutrients significantly improved the degradation, and 66 % and 90 % of the total DDTs were degraded at 336 h in the presence of 5 g L?1 peptone and yeast extract, respectively. Moreover, the addition of 20 mM formate also enhanced the ability of DG-5 to transform DDTs, and its DDT transformation capacity (T(c)) value was increased by 1.8 - 2.7 fold for the pure (p,p'-DDT or o,p'-DDT only) and mixed systems (p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE). Furthermore, it was found that competitive inhibition in the biodegradation by DDT compounds occurred in the mixed system.     

Toxicity of the pyrethroid pesticide fenvalerate to freshwater catfish clarias gariepinus: Lethality,biochemical effects and role of dietary ascorbic acid

Static bioassays were made in the laboratory to determine lethal concentration of the pyrethroid pesticide fenvalerate [(RS)-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (RS)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate] for the freshwater catfish Clarias gariepinus and effects of sublethal concentrations of the pesticide on some biochemical parameters of the fish. For exposure periods of 24 to 96 h, LC₅₀ values of fenvalerate ranged from 5.83–4.76 μ g/L and 4.24–2.94 μ g/L, respectively for water and acetone soluble fenvalerate. Two sublethal concentrations of fenvalerate were used in the bioassays for biochemical parameters: 2.1 μ g/L for 24 h and 1.4 μ g/L for 96 h exposure, both concentrations representing 50% of LC₅₀ value of acetone soluble fenvalerate for the respective exposure period. Hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen, alkaline phosphatase of liver and ascorbic acid of blood, liver, and kidney decreased while haemoglobin (Hb) %, plasma glucose levels and acid phosphatase level of liver increased after 24 h exposure to 2.1 μ g/L fenvalerate. Longer exposure (96 h) to even a lower concentration (1.4 μ g/L) of fenvalerate resulted in reduction of all the parameters (except Hb %) tested as compared with control. Fish previously fed for 60 days with a diet supplemented by a high level of ascorbic acid (100 mg/100 g diet) could reverse most of the effects caused by 24 h exposure to 2.1 μ g/L fenvalerate. A lower level of ascorbic acid (50 mg/ 100 g diet) supplement could not influence these effects of fenvalerate. Even the higher dose of ascorbic acid supplementation (100 mg/100 g diet) could not relieve the stress parameters, except for Hb% and HSI, when the pesticide was applied at 1.4 μ g/L for a longer time period (96 h).     

Biodegradation of nicosulfuron by the bacterium Serratia marcescens N80

By enrichment culturing of the sludge collected from the industrial wastewater treatment pond, we isolated a highly efficient nicosulfuron degrading bacterium Serratia marcescens N80. In liquid medium, Serratia marcescens N80 grows using nicosulfuron as the sole nitrogen source, and the optimal temperature, pH values, and inoculation for degradation are 30-35°C, 6.0-7.0, and 3.0% (v/v), respectively. With the initial concentration of 10 mg L?1, the degradation rate is 93.6% in 96 hours; as the initial concentrations are higher than 10 mg L?1, the biodegradation rates decrease as the nicosulfuron concentrations increase; when the concentration is 400 mg L?1, the degradation rate is only 53.1%. Degradation follows the pesticide degradation kinetic equation at concentrations between 5 mg L?1 and 50 mg L?1. Identification of the metabolites by the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) indicates that the degradation of nicosulfuron is achieved by breaking the sulfonylurea bridge. The strain N80 also degraded some other sulfonylurea herbicides, including ethametsulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl,and rimsulfuron.     

脱氮副球菌YF1微生物燃料电池生物阴极脱氮和产电

以脱氮副球菌YF1构建纯种生物阴极微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)进行脱氮和产电机理的研究。研究结果发现,阴极碳氮比、pH值对产电和脱氮效率有明显影响。当MFC的阴极运行条件pH值为8.0,碳氮比为20时,运行时间15 h时,脱氮率高达100%,输出电压为150 mV。上述结果表明,微生物燃料电池运行过程中,细菌降解硝酸根的机理为将硝酸根还原为N2或者直接将其作为自身的营养物质而利用。循环伏安(CV)与扫描电镜(SEM)的结果表明,在微生物燃料电池运行中,副球菌YF1通过接触导电作为产电的电子供体。     

Biodegradation of triazine herbicide metribuzin by the strain Bacillus sp. N1

By enrichment culturing of soil contaminated with metribuzin, a highly efficient metribuzin degrading bacterium, Bacillus sp. N1, was isolated. This strain grows using metribuzin at 5.0% (v/v) as the sole nitrogen source in a liquid medium. Optimal metribuzin degradation occurred at a temperature of 30ºC and at pH 7.0. With an initial concentration of 20 mg L^?1, the degradation rate was 73.5% in 120 h. If the initial concentrations were higher than 50 mg L^?1, the biodegradation rates decreased as the metribuzin concentrations increased. When the concentration was 100 mg L^?1, the degradation rate was only 45%. Degradation followed the pesticide degradation kinetic equation at initial concentrations between 5 mg L^?1 and 50 mg L^?1. When the metribuzin contaminated soil was mixed with strain N1 (with the concentration of metribuzin being 20 mg L^?1 and the inoculation rate of 10¹¹ g^?1 dry soil), the degradation rate of the metribuzin was 66.4% in 30 days, while the degradation rate of metribuzin was only 19.4% in the control soil without the strain N1. These results indicate that the strain N1 can significantly increase the degradation rate of metribuzin in contaminated soil.     

纳米铁-真养产碱杆菌柱实验去除硝酸盐

建立柱实验装置,探讨了反应柱中填加介质、硝酸盐的初始浓度及不同过水流速时硝酸盐的去除效果及产物的生成情况。4种不同材料,纳米铁、真养产碱杆菌、纳米铁与真养产碱杆菌简单混合体、纳米铁与真养产碱杆菌驯化培养5 d的复合体,分别与初始浓度为65 mg/L硝酸盐溶液反应。结果表明,经培养5 d的纳米铁-真养产碱杆菌复合体对硝酸盐的去除效果最佳,去除率可达到75%,且氨氮的生成量仅为2.99 mg/L;硝酸盐初始浓度分别为32、65和95 mg/L时,32mg/L的体系中硝酸盐的降解效果最好,去除率达78.9%且亚硝酸盐及氨氮的生成量分别为2.34 mg/L和2.89 mg/L,均低于另外2组;溶液流速为6.0 cm/h时,经驯化培养的纳米铁-真养产碱杆菌对硝酸盐的去除率达77%,当控制流速降至2.4cm/h时,亚硝酸盐氮的生成量降至0.34 mg/L。     

Mineralization of p-nitrophenol by a new isolate Arthrobacter sp. Y1

Arthrobacter sp. Y1, capable of metabolizing p-nitrophenol (PNP) as the sole carbon, nitrogen and energy source was isolated from activated sludge. The bacterium could tolerate concentrations of PNP up to 600 mg L(- 1), and degradation of PNP was achieved within 120 h of incubation. PNP and its metabolites were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The metabolite formed indicated that the organism followed the 4-nitrocathechol (4-NC) pathway for metabolism of this compound. The relevant degrading-enzyme was extracellular. Addition of other carbon source (glucose 0 approximately 30 g L(- 1)) led to accelerated degradation. If the glucose concentration exceeded 30 g L(- 1), however, degradation was repressed. Spectrophotometry assay of the nitrite and genotoxic study showed that strain Y1 could detoxify PNP. Therefore, the present study may provide a basis for the development of the bioremediation strategies to remedy the pollutants in the environment.