固相萃取法提取水中酚类化合物的研究

对水中苯酚、氯代酚、甲基酚和硝基酚等酚类化合物的固相萃取过程进行了研究，从不同类型固相萃取柱中选择HLB柱用于水中多种酚类化合物的提取，并对水样酸化、固相萃取上样流量和淋洗流量及洗脱溶剂等萃取条件进行了优化。试验选择二氯甲烷/乙酸乙酯混合溶液（体积比为1∶1）作为固相萃取洗脱溶剂，确定10 mL/min～20 mL/min和1 mL/min～3 mL/min为适用的上样流量和淋洗流量范围，实现了14种不同类型酚类化合物的同步最优萃取，提取效率为69.8%～120%。     

气相色谱法测定水中酞酸酯类化合物

建立了水中15种酞酸酯的液液萃取/固相萃取—气相色谱测定方法。就液液萃取探讨了萃取溶剂、萃取溶剂用量和水样pH值的影响,就固相萃取探讨了固相萃取柱、水样pH值和洗脱溶剂的影响。根据研究结果,确定液液萃取条件为调节pH至7,以二氯甲烷为萃取溶剂,萃取5 min;固相萃取条件为水样调节pH至7,经C18柱萃取后,以正己烷/丙酮混合溶剂(V∶V=5∶1)洗脱。测定15种酞酸酯类化合物的实际水样,液液萃取加标回收率为68%~128%,固相萃取加标回收率为65%~135%;液液萃取方法检出限为0.36~0.47μg/L,固相萃取方法检出限为0.20~0.39μg/L。     

水中3种微囊藻毒素的高效液相色谱测定方法优化

对天然水体中3种痕量微囊藻毒素（MC-RR、MC-YR、MC-LR）的淋洗、洗脱、液相色谱测定等环节进行单因素不同水平考察,结果表明：以体积分数为45%的甲醇水溶液（含0.1%的TFA）为固相萃取淋洗剂、10 mL甲醇（含01%TFA）为固相萃取洗脱剂,体积分数为70%的甲醇水溶液（含0.1%TFA）为液相色谱流动相,可在6 min内有效分离MC-RR、MC-YR、MC-LR。将优化后的方法用于实际加标水样的测定,MC-RR、MC-YR、MC-LR的方法检出限分别为0.064 μg/L、0.098 μg/L、0.095 μg/L,加标回收率为87.0%~116%,RSD为10.2%~18.8%。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定武汉东湖水体中微囊藻毒素

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱法(SPE-HPLC)测定东湖水样中微囊藻毒素(MC)的方法,考察了不同流动相、淋洗液和洗脱液对MC-RR和MC-LR测定的影响。结果表明,MC-RR和MC-LR的方法检出限分别为0.0789μg/L和0.0234μg/L,其线性定量范围分别为0.1～10.0mg/L和0.06～10.0mg/L;样品测定回收率为78.4%～97.4%,RSD小于6.3%。该法灵敏度高,快速准确,用于实际水样测定的结果令人满意。     

高效液相色谱法测定水中7种三嗪类除草剂

采用液液萃取和固相萃取两种方法预处理,高效液相色谱二极管阵列检测器测定水中7种三嗪类除草剂,选择了合适的检测波长和梯度淋洗条件。方法在0.100 mg/L~2.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.06μg/L~0.15μg/L,水样平行测定的RSD为1.6%~6.5%,加标回收率为95.0%~106%。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定生活污水中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚及其降解产物

比较了液-液萃取和固相萃取浓缩富集水体中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPnEO,n为聚合度)及其小分子代谢产物的效率,建立了复杂基体水样中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚及其小分子代谢产物多成分同时测定的高分辨高灵敏的固相萃取(SPE)-正相高效液相色谱(NP-HPLC)-荧光检测(FL)方法。优化了影响SPE回收率的条件,洗脱溶剂和样品过柱的速度。SPE对NPnEO的回收率大于82%;使用1L水样,方法的检测限对壬基酚(NP)、NP1EO为0.01μgL,NP2EO、NP3EO为0.02μgL,NP4EO～NP12EO为0.05μgL。应用本方法测定了生活污水水样,检测到了NPnEO(n=1～12)及其小分子降解产物NP、NP1EO、NP2EO。     

直接进样或固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中苯菌灵和多菌灵

建立了采用直接进样和固相萃取两种前处理方式,利用高效液相色谱法分析水中苯菌灵和多菌灵的方法。采用0.22μm聚醚砜滤膜过滤样品,或使用C18固相萃取小柱对样品进行前处理后,以C18反相柱为色谱柱,将柱温设定为40℃,流速设定为0.7 mL/min,以甲醇和水为流动相,利用等度洗脱进行分离,使用二极管阵列检测器进行定量,检测波长为280 nm。将苯菌灵在酸性条件下(pH<2.0)静置至少11 h后,转化为多菌灵进行检测。在上述条件下,采取直接进样时,多菌灵的检出限为4μg/L;采用固相萃取进行前处理且水样体积为100 mL时,多菌灵的检出限为0.09μg/L。标准曲线绘制结果显示,该方法在0.02～10.0 mg/L浓度范围内线性良好(r>0.999)。在直接进样条件下测试低、中、高3种浓度的实际水样加标样品,得到的相对标准偏差在0.7%～2.9%之间,回收率在93.5%～102%之间;采用固相萃取时,低、中、高3种浓度的实际加标样品的相对标准偏差在1.3%～4.7%之间,回收率在86.8%～107%之间。测试结果表明,该方法可应用于实际监测工作。     

固相萃取-气相色谱法测定水中硝基苯类有机污染物的方法研究

建立了固相萃取、毛细柱气相色谱-电子捕获检测器定量分析水中硝基苯类化合物的分析方法。通过对固相萃取柱的选择、固相萃取条件(样品溶液的pH值、上样速度、上样体积、洗脱液选择及配比)的优化,得出了最佳实验条件。穿透体积可达1.5L,回收率在80%~105%,最小检出浓度在0.00037~0.072μg/L之间,均大大低于GB13194-91的规定。相对标准偏差在0.7%~5.3%之间。该方法准确、简单,重现性好、回收率高,污染小。     

固相萃取—高效液相色谱法测定水中阿特拉津和2种邻苯二甲酸酯

采用固相萃取法对水样进行提取富集,液相色谱法测定水中2种邻苯二甲酸酯类和阿特拉津有机污染物,并对方法进行了探索、优化和验证。在固相萃取过程中,研究了水体p H、洗脱液组份对邻苯二甲酸酯和阿特拉津萃取回收率的影响,解决了邻苯二甲酸酯和阿特拉津回收率不高的问题。在空白水加标实验中,邻苯二甲酸酯的回收率为89.3%~92.2%,阿特拉津回收率为88.9%,获得了较高的回收率及测定精度。除此之外,还对地表水进行了加标回收实验,结果符合要求。     

典型药物污染物的SPE-UPLC-MS-MS检测方法

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(SPE-UPLC-MS-MS)测定自然水体中的10种典型药物污染。比较了2种萃取柱HLB和C18的富集效果,并对水样pH、萃取柱的淋洗溶剂及水样体积进行了优化。结果表明,采用HLB小柱进行富集净化,水样体积为500 mL,调节pH=3.0,95%甲醇洗脱,在0~200μg/L范围内10种药物的标准曲线线性关系良好(r≥0.999),方法检出限0.5~2.0 ng/L,精密度高(RSD10%),加标回收率为64.3%~100.7%。经过对太湖和某污水厂排水口水样的测试,表明该方法适用于自然水体药物的快速检测,同时大部分药物被检出,说明选择的10种目标药物及建立的检测方法对研究中国水体药物污染具有一定的参考价值。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.