硫酸盐和氯离子对厌氧生物过程抑制作用的研究

采用混合式厌氧反应器,以酒槽废水为基质,在厌氧体系中投加不同浓度的ＳＯ－和Ｃｌ－,研究盐离子日加入量和累积量与厌氧体系抑制程度的关系,得出维持厌氧体系正常运行所允许的日加入量（ＳＯ－低于１４４ｍｇ／Ｌ,Ｃｌ低于３１９５ｍｇ／Ｌ）和累积浓度（ＳＯ－低于３００ｍｇ／Ｌ,Ｃｌ－低于２００００ｍｇ／Ｌ）;研究了污泥对ＳＯ－和Ｃｌ－的负荷,在ＳＯ－／ＶＳ浓度为５．５５ｇ／ｋｇ和Ｃｌ－／ＶＳ为５８．６ｇ／ｋｇ时,对厌氧体系无抑制作用。     

混合金属离子对厌氧生物处理过程抑制作用的研究

研究了在厌氧生物处理中同时存在铜、锌、镍和铬多种重金属离子时,其对厌氧生物过程的影响;考察了不同日加入金属总量与抑制程度的关系。当日加入总量低于２０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,对体系无影响;在２０－３０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,产生轻微的抑制,高于５０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,对体系产生明显的抑制作用。为维持厌氧生物过程正常动物运行,每ｇ污泥（干重）所承受的由每日进料引入体系的混合金属离子的总量应不超过０．６ｍｇ,厌氧体系中的溶解态金属总量     

硫酸盐和氯离子对厌氧生理过程抑制作用的研究

采用混合式厌氧反应器，以酒槽废水为基质，在厌氧体系中投加不同的浓度的ＳＯ＾２－３，和Ｃｌ＾－，研究盐离子日加入量和累积量与厌氧体系抑制程度的关系，得出维持厌氧体系正常运行把允许的日加入量（ＳＯ＾２－４，低于１４４ｍｇ／Ｌ，Ｃｌ＾－低于３１９５ｍｇ／Ｌ）和累积浓度（ＳＯ＾２－４，低于３００ｍｇ／Ｌ，Ｃｌ＾－低于２００００ｍｇ／Ｌ），研究了污泥对ＳＯ＾２－４，和Ｃｌ＾－的负荷，在ＳＯ＾２－４／ＶＳ浓度     

镍对厌氧消化过程的抑制作用研究

采用混合式厌氧反应器,以酒糟废水为基质,在相同条件的不同反应器中每日加入不同浓度的镍离子（以硝酸镍形式加入）,研究不同浓度的镍离子对厌氧体系的抑制作用,以及体系中溶解态的镍离子含量与抑制程度的关系。结果表明,日加入镍量低于３６．４ｍｇ／Ｌ时,对体系无影响;在４０－６０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,产生轻微的抑制;超过８０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,对体系造成严重的抑制。当体系中溶解态镍离子浓度低于２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ时,体系不受影响。厌     

水葫芦强化预处理－两相厌氧生物处置工艺研究

水葫芦强比预处理后再进行两相厌氧生物处理，其平均产气量可达１３４Ｌ／ｋｇ鲜水葫芦，较之单纯两相厌氧处理，产气量提高４０％；气体中甲烷含量为７５．１％左右；系统出水ＣＯＤＣｒ３２０ｍｇ／Ｌ左右，ＳＳ在４０ｍｇ／Ｌ左右．在系统稳定运行过程中，产酸相处于酸化状态．     

物化-厌氧-好氧-溶气吸附工艺在毛条废水治理中的应用

介绍了应用物化 厌氧 好氧 溶气吸附工艺治理毛条废水（ＣＯＤＣｒ浓度１３８０００～１５６００ｍｇ／Ｌ）的工程实例。一年多的运行情况表明ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率达９９３％。     

生物流化床在焦化废水治理中的应用

采用厌氧 缺氧 好氧工艺流程，以生物膜作为厌氧、缺氧反应器，循环式生物流化床作为好氧反应器进行了焦化废水治理中试应用研究。应用结果表明，上述工艺流程用于焦化废水治理是可行的。当系统进水ＣＯＤＣｒ浓度小于１２００ｍｇ／Ｌ，系统水力停留时间为４４ｈ时，出水ＣＯＤＣｒ小于２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ；较高的进水ＮＨ３ Ｎ浓度可严重影响ＮＨ３ Ｎ去除，但对ＣＯＤＣｒ去除几乎无影响     

铁锈及Fe(OH)3处理硫酸盐废水厌氧方法试验

投加铁锈或Ｆｅ（ＯＨ）３可明显改善含高浓度硫酸盐有机废水的厌氧处理能力，使趋于失败的升流式厌氧污泥床ＵＡＳＢ恢复正常工作对ＳＯ４２－为５０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＣＯＤＣｒ为１５０００ｍｇ／Ｌ的合成脂肪酸废水，在水力停留时间为４ｄ，由４０％以下的ＣＯＤ去除率提高到投加铁锈或Ｆｅ（ＯＨ）３后的７３％和８２％，出口ｐＨ值由５３上升到７３，产甲烷气量由０.３Ｌ／ｄ上升为２２Ｌ／ｄ.并提出了Ｆｅ（ＯＨ）３比铁锈在去除Ｓ２－干扰更有效，去除Ｓ２-干扰可使厌氧处理恢复正常     

水葫芦强化预处理-两相厌氧生物处置工艺研究

水葫芦强化预处理后再进行两相厌氧生物处理,其平均产量气量可达１３４Ｌ／ｋｇ鲜水葫芦,较之单纯两相厌氧处理,产气量提高４０％;气体中甲烷含量为７５．１％左右,系统出水ＣＯＤｃｒ３２０ｍｇ／Ｌ左右,ＳＳ在４０ｍｇ／Ｌ左右,在系统稳定运行过程中,产酸相处于酸化状态。     

用厌氧折流板反应器处理碱法草浆黑液

在不添加氮、磷营养盐和不调节进水ＰＨ值条件下，用厌氧折流板反应器（ＡＢＲ）处理碱法草浆黑液。结果表明，在ＨＲＴ＝１０．６ｄ、Ｎｖ＝５．３ｋｇＣＯＤｃｒ／ｍ＾３．ｄ、ＰＨ＝１３．６和ＣＯＤ.ｒ＝５６１００ｍｇ／Ｌ时，ＣＯＤ.ｒ去除率为４２％，达到厌氧处理法的最大去除率的８４％。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.