江苏省13城市1996～2008年碳排放时空变异分析

运用秩相关系数、变差系数、曲线拟合等方法，以市域为基本单元，以人均碳排放量、碳排放强度、脱钩指数等为指标，对江苏省1996～2008年的碳排放时空变异特征进行分析，研究得出：(1)近13 a来，江苏省碳排放量不断增加，年均增长率高达13%，2008年已达20 000万t；经济较发达城市人均碳排放量较大，但碳排放强度相对不大；经济落后城市人均碳排放量小，但碳排放强度增加较快。(2)江苏省13城市人均碳排放、碳排放强度差异在不断缩小。(3)从人均碳排放看，江苏省及各市人均碳排放都随人均GDP呈线性增加关系，而南京、苏州、扬州、徐州作为各个区域发展较好的中心城市，人均碳排放随人均GDP增加最快。(4)从碳排放强度看，江苏省碳排放强度与人均GDP呈倒U型曲线关系，其拐点在人均GDP 25万元左右；但是各个城市碳排放强度与人均GDP呈波浪型曲线关系。(5)从脱钩指数看，脱钩水平受经济政策、产业结构、清洁技术水平的影响较大     

江西省经济增长与耕地集约利用的定量分析

近20 a来，随着经济快速发展，江西省耕地资源不断减少。选取GDP、人口、固定资产投资总额、城市化水平与耕地面积作为主要分析指标，运用多元线性回归法和土地利用弹性系数理论分析了1990~2009年江西省经济发展与耕地面积变化的关系。研究结果表明：江西经济发展和人口增长与耕地面积变化呈负相关关系。经济社会的快速发展、人口数量的不断增加，特别是城市化水平的提高，是耕地资源流失的主要原因；江西耕地利用弹性系数较低且呈现剧烈波动性，说明在经济快速发展过程中江西耕地集约利用程度较低。
     

中国区域经济与资源丰度相关性研究

以省域面板数据为基础．选取水、耕地、森林、能源、矿产等五种资源．验证了1978—2004年中国不同种类资源丰度与区域经济发展之问的相关关系。研究表明：①资源诅咒原理在中国内部区域之间仍然成立，除水资源外．耕地、能源、矿产和森林等四种资源的丰度与区域经济发展水平都呈现负相关关系．其程度由裔到低依次是：耕地资源、矿产资源、能源资源、森林资源；②遭遇“资源诅咒”的省处于“资源丰度一经济发展”坐标系第Ⅳ象限。并绝大多数都位于西部地区和东北地区；③各省人均GDP与综合资源丰度的对数成反比．我国资源丰裕度与经济发展水平成相反的变化趋势；④自然资源对于经济增长的影响作用往往是通过多种机制共同作用的结果．中国资源诅咒的传导机制主要包括“荷兰病”效应、制度效应、“挤出”效应以及区位和交通因素等方面。     

基于高程的环境库兹涅茨曲线实证分析

本文利用GIS的空间分析技术。以高程带为取样单元。研究在高程带上三种主要的大气污染物与经济发展之间的定量关系。以重庆市为例,验证环境库兹涅茨在高程上是否存在。研究结果发现。污染物浓度随高程的增加呈非单调下降的趋势。人均GDP随高程的增加先增大后减小。在高程上。污染物浓度与经济发展之间的关系和两者在时间序列和国别（或地区）序列上环境库兹涅茨曲线研究的结论相似。其中。TSP和NOx分别与人均GDP之间呈较稳定的呈“N”形和饲“U”形关系。受人口密度和高程影响较大；而SO2与人均GDP之间关系不稳定。     

常熟市耕地资源时空演变特征

基于卫星遥感影像数据，GIS空间分析技术和统计分析方法相结合，利用耕地面积缩减强度指数、空间叠加等方法分析了常熟市耕地资源的时空演变特征，揭示了苏南经济发达地区耕地资源减少的规律。研究发现，随着经济发展，常熟耕地资源逐渐减少，且因城区和工业用地扩张引起的耕地非农转化指向十分强烈，居民点空间的指向呈逐渐减弱的态势。从空间演变规律看，常熟耕地非农化主要表现在：1）经济增长越快，发展水平越高，耕地减少越快；2）在城市、港口区的镇耕地减少更快；3）港区和工业区的建设，使其周边耕地非农化速度加快；4）道路交通的扩张是耕地非农转化的一个稳定因素；5）不同时期，耕地非农占用的空间指向不同：从20世纪80年代被居民点用地占用逐渐变迁为2000年以后的被工业用地、城镇用地、港口用地占用为主。城市发展、港区建设、交通建设、农村居民点建设、工业化推进和经济发展是耕地资源缩减的主导影响因子.     

基于SD模型的三峡库区快速城镇化地区耕地利用模拟研究

对引起耕地变化的驱动因素进行研究，有利于解决当下人口、经济和社会发展与耕地资源的矛盾。基于对耕地变化相关因素的线性分析，提出改进基于时间序列对耕地变化驱动力静态研究的模式，利用系统动力学模型从动态的耕地变化仿真模拟过程中对长寿区耕地变化趋势进行预测研究,为快速城镇化地区耕地资源的合理利用与保护提供借鉴。结果表明：（1）长寿区耕地面积25 a间共减少 9 535 hm2，在数量上总体呈现波动下降趋势；（2）长寿区耕地变化的主要驱动力与社会经济发展、人口与城市发展、农业结构调整与科技进步密切相关；（3）利用SD模型在不同情景设定下的模拟发现，区内城镇化率对耕地面积的影响＞GDP对耕地面积的影响＞人口增长对耕地面积的影响；（4）耕地利用变化在不同社会经济发展模式下的差异较大，而GDP和城镇化率的缓速增长发展模式最为理想，对区内耕地资源保护有一定的促进作用。由此可以得出，为减轻未来长寿区耕地保护工作压力，必须转变以牺牲耕地作为代价的经济发展模式，通过集约节约用地、积极开展农村建设用地复垦等工作来协调城镇化的快速发展与耕地保护之间的矛盾。 关键词： 耕地变化；驱动力；耕地非农化；系统动力学；城镇化；三峡库区     

湖北省经济发展与耕地资源变化的关系

近20年来，湖北省在经济快速发展的同时，伴随着耕地面积的快速减少，这对我国粮食安全战略产生了一定隐患。选择GDP、全社会固定资产投资总额、城市化水平与耕地面积作为主要分析指标，应用对比分析与最小二乘法分析了1990~2007年湖北省经济发展与耕地面积变化的关系，其能够解释耕地资源占有量的9298%的变化。研究结果表明：湖北省近20年的经济发展与耕地面积变化呈负相关关系，经济增长是耕地面积减少的主要原因，但随着经济发展水平上升和土地集约利用水平提高，单位经济增长付出的土地代价会逐渐下降；同时经济发达地区比经济欠发达地区耕地流失严重，平原地区比丘陵地区耕地减少量大。研究结果可以为湖北省在今后经济发展过程中，如何合理利用土地和保护有限的耕地资源提供一定的科学依据，为其他省份进一步研究经济发展中的耕地变化提供借鉴。     

耕地流转补偿的影响因素实证分析

在对江西省42个县74个行政村的《耕地流转现状及农户耕地流转意识》专题调研基础上，采用向后逐步回归的分析方法，从区位条件、资源禀赋和经济发展水平3方面，对当前农村耕地流转补偿的影响因素进行了实证分析。其中，反映区位条件水平的指标包括离县城距离、离交通主干道距离、地貌；反映资源禀赋的指标包括常年在家务农的劳动力比例、耕地破碎度、人均承包耕地面积；反映经济发展水平的指标包括人均年收入、人均耕地收入、耕地收入占年收入的比重。研究表明：耕地离县城距离越近，其流转补偿额会越高；随着地貌的复杂化，〖JP2〗耕地流转补偿相对就较少；人均承包耕地面积越多，耕地流转时补偿费用就越低；家庭耕地收入比重越大，补偿费用也越高.     

江苏省人口,耕地与经济发展关系的研究

本文通过建立动态多元回归模型，对经济发达地区－江苏省经济发展，人口增长、投资增加与耕地资源之间动态变化弹性关系进行了研究分析，提出了促进江苏省耕地资源可持续利用的政策建议。     

中国农产品虚拟耕地与资源环境经济要素的时空匹配分析

计算出1999~2009年中国各地区农产品虚拟耕地与人口、水资源、耕地资源、水土流失治理以及GDP等要素的基尼系数以及全国8大区域2009年农产品虚拟耕地 资源环境经济要素的不平衡指数。结果表明：(1）我国农产品虚拟耕地与各资源环境经济要素的地域分布匹配程度都不高；其中农产品虚拟耕地与人口、耕地的地域匹配程度相对较高，与水土流失治理之间的地域匹配状况次之，与GDP和水资源的地域匹配程度相对较低；(2）我国农产品虚拟耕地与各资源环境经济要素的外部公平性不高，黄淮海地区为农产品虚拟耕地 资源环境经济要素不公平性最突出地区，其次是华南、西北和东北地区     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.