专利资讯

正专利名称:一种快速、智能的废旧塑料分类方法专利申请号:CN201310507509.0公开号:CN103499552A申请日:2013.10.23公开日:2014.01.08申请人:天津工业大学本发明涉及一种废旧塑料的快速智能分类方法。具体为先用衰减全反射傅立叶变换红外光谱仪扫描样品的红外光谱,得到红外光谱数据矩阵。之后将数据矩阵进行预处理,包括标准化、主成分分析降维。最后采用系统聚类方法对降维后的数据进行聚类分析。结果表明,本方法所采用的样品测试手段无需样品预处理,测样速度快,所采用的主成分分析系统聚类模式识别方法可以对废旧塑料的分类达到100%     

辅以纹理特征的HJ-CCD海上溢油信息提取 ——以PL19-3溢油为例

鉴于依赖光谱特征的传统溢油信息提取方法面临信息提取精度低的困境,提出采用光谱特征与纹理分析结合的方法应用于溢油监测.选择位于渤海的蓬莱19-3油田溢油事故为研究对象,基于覆盖溢油事故阶段的8景30m分辨率HJ-CCD数据,在溢油目标提取过程中,引入了方向性纹理特征分析,将主成分光谱降维、方向梯度边缘检测等技术相结合,形成了基于光谱与纹理特征的溢油信息提取技术.所述方法经8组数据检验后,用类间分歧度方法进行了对比评价.结果表明:将纹理分析方法应用于溢油信息提取,类间分歧度提高到1.9999,提高了油膜影响边界和油膜厚度分区识别能力.     

灰色关联度聚类分析在溢油鉴别中的应用

建立了灰色关联度聚类分析的溢油鉴别模式,提出了油种鉴别的置信水平λ_ｉ的灰色模糊区概念,给出了常见的１４种油、风化的任丘原油和海面溢油的灰色关联反动态聚类图,油种鉴别主要受风化和实验误差的影响,风化３０天,任丘原油同其它１３种油可分类的置信水平范围为０．８９６４＜λ_ｉ＜０．９８４１,海面溢油可鉴别区为０．０７０５＜λ_ｉ＜０．９３７８,溢油鉴别结果表明,本法较指纹谱图识法的准确度高。     

主成分和聚类分析应用于淮南矿区地下水水质评价

运用主成分方法分析淮南矿区23个地下水样的7个水样指标，提取出4个主成分，应用聚类分析对该4个主成分的得分进行聚类。在此基础上，将主成分得分与其对应的特征值相乘，得到水质综合评价指数。聚类分析后水样划分为5类，对每一类的水质综合评价指数取平均值，从而确定水质等级。     

浓度层析荧光光谱局部匹配溢油鉴别技术

溢油事故的频繁发生对海洋环境造成极大的影响,建立一种快速、准确、经济的现场溢油检测技术及时对事故作出响应有着重要的意义.针对海洋环境中溢油样品浓度和油源都未知的情况,对于溢油可疑样本,获取其浓度参量同步荧光光谱(concentration-synchronous-matrix fluorescence,CSMF),通过在浓度维度上进行插值处理获取的样品的CSMF浓度层析荧光光谱.而对于肇事溢油样品,无需进行脱水浓缩等预处理,只需取现场样本逐级稀释获取小浓度范围内的CSMF局部谱图,并将之与可疑油样大浓度范围内的CSMF浓度层析荧光光谱进行曲面匹配,利用最小二乘法确定最佳匹配光谱,最佳匹配的可疑油样即满足最近油种符合度,而对应的浓度即为待测样本的初始浓度值.对原油样品集交叉检验的结果,样品的识别准确度为92%.该油种鉴别方法快速,准确,并可以同时实现油种鉴别和单位体积内溢油含量的定量.     

基于烷烃指纹的混合油数字化鉴别研究

为准确追查责任方,溢油鉴定应该考虑混入的分散剂和其它油对原未知溢油的影响。该文以此为切入点,基于烷烃指纹研究4种原油和1种分散剂形成的几种混合油的数字化鉴别。鉴别前,先采用相对标准偏差法筛选出9个稳定的烷烃诊断比,再进行主成分分析、聚类分析和多维标度分析。结果表明:分散剂对溢油溯源的影响与油种有很大关系;混合油要么与组成其的单一油的相关性差,可能很快找到油源;要么相关性较好,容易受其他未知溢油影响,造成误判。上述分析方法在本研究中都可得到客观、准确的鉴别结果,在实际鉴别中可联合使用、相互佐证。     

湖北省湖泊营养物生态分区技术方法研究

提出一种基于主成分分析、聚类分析、判别分析和空间自相关的分区模型,用于对湖北省湖泊营养物生态分区的尝试. 运用主成分分析法对众多指标进行降维处理,产生彼此互补又能综合反映湖区情况的新指标,构建了湖北省湖泊营养物生态分区指标体系. 在此基础上,根据各区域新指标值结合聚类模型进行湖泊流域的初步分类,利用判别分析完成非湖泊流域的类别归属判别,运用空间自相关分析方法对区域各因素的空间分布格局进行量化分析,以揭示零散分类区块在空间地域分布上的关联和差异,最后根据关联结果确定边界完成分区并进行特征描述. 结果表明,利用该分区技术方法体系可以尽量避免人为因素干扰,得到更为客观的分区结果,具有良好的适应性和可行性.      

荧光光谱法鉴别海面溢油源的研究进展

本文以大量的研究成果介绍了荧光光谱技术在鉴别海面溢油源中的应用和进展。根据普通荧光光谱、同步扫描光谱、可变角同步扫描光谱和总荧光光谱等不同荧光光谱信息特等，论述了荧光光谱的三维特性及维特性及其在溢油鉴别中的应用。同时，结合低温荧光法、磷光光谱法、导数荧光光谱法等辅助方法和技术，介绍了国内外荧光光谱法鉴别海面溢油的新进展和新成果。     

月球紫外-可见-近红外反射光谱的基本特征及解析方法

月球紫外一可见一近红外反射光谱(强度,反照率以及吸收特征)是研究月球表面物质组成的重要手段。文章简要介绍了月球表面反射光谱的基本特征、形成机制以及现有月球反射光谱数据及其解析方法。这些方法主要有光谱参数、连续背景扣除、高斯反卷积分析以及主成分分析。还讨论了高光谱探测器在月球探测中的应用前景、已有方案以及获取新的月球样品对月球反射光谱研究的重要性。     

城市纳污河流有色溶解有机物时空演变特征

利用平行因子分析和主成分分析方法,结合紫外吸收光谱与三维荧光光谱技术,研究了典型城市纳污河流-河北洨河水体有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的来源及随季节和空间变化特征,探讨了水体CDOM与水质指标间关系.结果表明:洨河水体CDOM主要为新近微生物源产生,受人类活动影响较大.CDOM浓度在时间变化上表现为春夏(2、5月)低,而秋冬(8、11月)高,从上游至下游呈现先升高再降低变化特征.荧光鉴别出的4种组分:组分1(类富里酸),组分2(类腐殖酸)及组分3(类胡敏酸)为类腐殖质,组分4为类蛋白物质.不同季节各组分来源及分布存在差异,除夏季外其他季节水体类蛋白与类腐殖质来源相似,尤其与类胡敏酸组分;类蛋白组分在各季节分布变化显著,冬春含量相对较高.洨河水体荧光物质与氨氮、亚硝氮具有共同来源,其中类腐殖质对COD贡献较为明显.采用光谱分析法并结合平行因子、主成分分析及聚类分析方法可识别污染源空间分布,揭示河体CDOM随季节变化规律.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.